| ∆ | Change |
| 1°Pr | Primary prevention |
| 2°Ir | Secondary intervention |
| 4D | Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse Studie |
| ABCD | Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes |
| ACC | American College of Cardiology |
| ACCORD | Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes |
| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ACE-I | Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
| ACR | Albumin-creatinine ratio |
| ADA | American Diabetes Association |
| AER | Albumin excretion rate |
| AG | Atubular glomeruli |
| AHA | American Heart Association |
| Alb | Albuminuria |
| ALLHAT | Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial |
| ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide |
| ARB | Angiotensin receptor blocker |
| ARR | Absolute risk reduction |
| ATP III | National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III |
| AURORA | A study to evaluate the use of Rosuvastatin in subjects on regular hemodialysis: an assessment of survival and cardiovascular events |
| BENEDICT | Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| BorderlineAlb | Borderline albuminuria |
| BP | Blood pressure |
| CAD | Coronary artery disease |
| CARDS | Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study |
| CARE | Cholesterol and Recurrent Events |
| CCB | Calcium channel blocker |
| CCr | Creatinine clearance |
| CI | Confidence interval |
| CIT | Conventional insulin injection therapy |
| CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
| CORAL | Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions |
| COX-2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
| CPG | Clinical Practice Guideline |
| CPR | Clinical Practice Recommendation |
| Cr | Creatinine |
| CREATE | Clinical Trial of Reviparin and Metabolic Modulation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment Evaluation |
| CR-LIPE | Carbohydrate-restricted, low iron-available, polyphenol-enriched diet |
| CSG | Collaborative Study Group |
| CT | Computed tomography |
| CV | Coefficient of variation |
| CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
| CYP | Cytochrome P-450 |
| DALY | Disability-adjusted life-year |
| DASH | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension |
| DBP | Diastolic blood pressure |
| DCCT | The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial |
| DCCT/EDIC | Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications |
| ddAVP | 1-Deamino-8-D-arginine |
| DETES | Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group |
| DGS | Diabetic glomerulosclerosis |
| DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
| DHP-CCB | Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker |
| DIABHYCAR | Noninsulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, microalbuminuria or proteinuria, cardiovascular events, and ramipril |
| DIAD | Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics |
| DIGAMI | Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction |
| DKD | Diabetic kidney disease |
| DM | Diabetes mellitus |
| DPP-4 | Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 |
| ECG | Electrocardiogram |
| ECLA | Estudios Cardiologicas Latin America Study Group |
| EDIC | Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications |
| eGFR | Estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| EPA | Eicosapentaenoic acid |
| ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
| FBS | Fasting blood sugar |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| FPW | Foot process width on the mesangial surface |
| GBM | Glomerular basement membrane |
| GEMINI | Glycemic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus: Carvedilol-Metoprolol Comparison in Hypertensives |
| GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
| GIK | Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion |
| glom | Glomerulus |
| GLP-1 | Glucagon-like-peptide-1 |
| GlycoHb | Glycohemoglobin |
| GS | Glomerular sclerosis |
| HbA1c | Hemoglobin A1c |
| HD | Hemodialysis |
| HDL-C | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| HIV/AIDS | Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
| HOPE | Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation |
| HPS | Heart Protection Study |
| HR | Hazard ratio |
| HTN | Hypertension |
| ICU | Intensive care unit |
| IDL | Intermediate-density lipoprotein |
| IDNT | Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial |
| IJA | Index of junctional atrophy |
| IRMA-2 | Irbesartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria |
| IU | International units |
| IUGR | Intrauterine growth retardation |
| IV | Intravenous |
| JNC 7 | Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure |
| KDOQI™ | Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative™ |
| Kf | Ultrafiltration coefficient |
| KRT | Kidney replacement therapy |
| LDL-C | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| LIPID | Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease |
| LPD | Lower-protein diet |
| LVH | Left ventricular hypertrophy |
| M | Macroalbuminuria |
| m | Microalbuminuria |
| MacroAlb | Macroalbuminuria |
| MAP | Mean arterial blood pressure |
| MDRD | Modification of Diet in Renal Disease |
| MI | Myocardial infarction |
| MicroAlb | Microalbuminuria |
| MIT | Multiple insulin injection therapy |
| N | Number of subjects |
| NCEP | National Cholesterol Education Program |
| nd | Not documented |
| NDHP-CCB | Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker |
| NHANES III | Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| NHLBI | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |
| NIDDM | Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NKF | National Kidney Foundation |
| Nl Cr | Normal serum creatinine |
| No | Number |
| NormoAlb | Normoalbuminuria |
| NPH | Neutral Protamine Hagedorn |
| NPV | Negative predictive value |
| NS | Not significant |
| OEI | Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults |
| OR | Odds ratio |
| P | Proteinuria |
| PCI | Percutaneous coronary intervention |
| PCr | Plasma creatinine |
| PO | By mouth, orally |
| PPP | Pravastatin Pooling Project |
| PPV | Positive predictive value |
| PRESTO | Prevention of Restenosis with Tranilast and its Outcomes |
| PROactive | Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events |
| PROVE IT | Pravastatin or Atorvastatin in Evaluation and Infection Therapy |
| PUFA | Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| PVD | Peripheral vascular disease |
| qd | Daily |
| QOL | Quality of life |
| RAS | Renin-angiotensin system |
| RCN | Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy |
| RCT | Randomized controlled trial |
| RDA | Recommended daily allowance |
| RDS | Respiratory distress syndrome |
| RENAAL | Reduction of Endpoints in Non-insulin-dependent diabetes with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan |
| ROC | Receiver operator characteristic |
| RR | Relative risk |
| SBP | Systolic blood pressure |
| SCr | Serum creatinine (mg/dL) |
| SFA | Saturated fatty acids |
| SG | Globally sclerosed glomeruli |
| SGA | Small for gestational age |
| SHARP | Study of Heart and Renal Protection |
| SMBG | Self-monitoring of blood glucose |
| Sn | Sensitivity |
| SOLVD | Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction |
| Sp | Specificity |
| Sv(PGBM/glom) | Surface density of peripheral GBM per glomerulus |
| SvME | Mesangial to epithelial interface |
| T | Total kidney cortex |
| TBM | Tubular basement membrane |
| TC | Total cholesterol |
| TNT | Treating to New Targets |
| TZD | Thiazolidinedione |
| UAE | Urinary albumin excretion |
| UKPDS | UK Prospective Diabetes Study |
| UPD | Usual/higher protein diet |
| USRDS | United States Renal Data System |
| VA | Veterans Affairs |
| VLDL | Very low-density lipoprotein |
| vs | Versus |
| Vv(AT/cortex) | Volume fraction of atrophic tubules per cortex |
| Vv(Int/cortex) | Volume fraction of cortical interstitium |
| Vv(Interstitium/tubulointerstitium) | Volume fraction of interstitium |
| Vv(MC/glom) | Volume fraction of mesangial cells per glomerulus |
| Vv(Mes/glom) | Volume fraction of mesangium per glomerulus |
| Vv(MM) | Volume fraction of mesangial matrix |
| Vv(MM/glom) | Volume fraction of mesangial matrix per glomerulus |
| Vv(PT/cortex) | Volume fraction of proximal tubules |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WOSCOP | West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study |