NKF KDOQI GUIDELINES

Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations
2006 Updates
Hemodialysis Adequacy
Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy
Vascular Access


I.  CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ADEQUACY

REFERENCES

1. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH: Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16:31-41, 1976

2. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 130:461-470, 1999

3. Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GJ, Group MS: A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:155A, 2000 (abstr)

4. Schwartz GJ, Brion LP, Spitzer A: The use of plasma creatinine concentration for estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 34:571-590, 1987

5. Stevens LA, Levey AS: Measurement of kidney function. Med Clin North Am 89:457-473, 2005

6. Mohler JL, Barton SD, Blouin RA, Cowen DL, Flanigan RC: The evaluation of creatinine clearance in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 136:366-369, 1986

7. Gonwa TA, Jennings L, Mai ML, Stark PC, Levey AS, Klintmalm GB: Estimation of glomerular filtration rates before and after orthotopic liver transplantation: Evaluation of current equations. Liver Transpl 10:301-309, 2004

8. Sherman DS, Fish DN, Teitelbaum I: Assessing renal function in cirrhotic patients: Problems and pitfalls. Am J Kidney Dis 41:269-278, 2003

9. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Levey AS: Serum creatinine as marker of kidney function in South Asians: A study of reduced GFR in adults in Pakistan. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1413-1419, 2005

10. Moss AH: Shared decision-making in dialysis: The new RPA/ASN guideline on appropriate initiation and withdrawal of treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1081-1091, 2001

11. Moss AH: Too many patients who are too sick to benefit start chronic dialysis: Nephrologists need to learn to “just say no”. Am J Kidney Dis 41:723-727, 2003

12. Galla JH: Clinical practice guideline on shared decision-making in the appropriate initiation of and withdrawal from dialysis. The Renal Physicians Association and the American Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1340-1342, 2000

13. Moss AH, Holley JL, Davison SN, et al: Palliative care. Am J Kidney Dis 43:172-173, 2004

14. Levin A, Lewis M, Mortiboy P, et al: Multidisciplinary predialysis programs: Quantification and limitations of their impact on patient outcomes in two Canadian settings. Am J Kidney Dis 29:533-540, 1997

15. Lopes AA, Bragg J, Young E, et al: Depression as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization among hemodialysis patients in the United States and Europe. Kidney Int 62:199-207, 2002

16. Arora P, Obrador GT, Ruthazer R, et al: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences of late nephrology referral at a tertiary care center. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1281-1286, 1999

17. Astor BC, Eustace JA, Powe NR, et al: Timing of nephrologist referral and arteriovenous access use: The CHOICE Study. Am J Kidney Dis 38:494-501, 2001

18. Avorn J, Bohn RL, Levy E, et al: Nephrologist care and mortality in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Arch Intern Med 162:2002-2006, 2002

19. Avorn J, Winkelmayer WC, Bohn RL, et al: Delayed nephrologist referral and inadequate vascular access in patients with advanced chronic kidney failure. J Clin Epidemiol 55:711-716, 2002

20. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al: National Kidney Foundation Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med 139:137-147, 2003

21. Keshaviah PR, Emerson PF, Nolph KD: Timely initiation of dialysis: A urea kinetic approach. Am J Kidney Dis 33:344-348, 1999

22. Nolph KD: Rationale for early incremental dialysis with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:S117-S119, 1998 (suppl 6)

23. Tattersall J, Greenwood R, Farrington K: Urea kinetics and when to commence dialysis. Am J Nephrol 15:283-289, 1995

24. US Renal Data System: USRDS 2004 Annual Data Report. The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2004

25. Ellis PA, Reddy V, Bari N, Cairns HS: Late referral of end-stage renal failure. QJM 91:727-732, 1998

26. Ifudu O, Dawood M, Homel P, Friedman EA: Timing of initiation of uremia therapy and survival in patients with progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol 18:193-198, 1998

27. Roubicek C, Brunet P, Huiart L, et al: Timing of nephrology referral: Influence on mortality and morbidity. Am J Kidney Dis 36:35-41, 2000

28. Sesso R, Belasco AG: Late diagnosis of chronic renal failure and mortality on maintenance dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:2417-2420, 1996

29. Fink JC, Burdick RA, Kurth SJ, et al: Significance of serum creatinine values in new end-stage renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34:694-701, 1999

30. Korevaar JC, Jansen MA, Dekker FW, et al: When to initiate dialysis: Effect of proposed US guidelines on survival. Lancet 358:1046-1050, 2001

31. Traynor JP, Simpson K, Geddes CC, Deighan CJ, Fox JG: Early initiation of dialysis fails to prolong survival in patients with end-stage renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2125-2132, 2002

31A. The Renal Association UK Registry. The Sixth Annual Report, December 2003. This report was prepared by Dr David Ansell, Professor Terry Feest, Dr Catherine Byrne, and Dr Azhar Ahmad. Accessed July 31, 2005

32. US Renal Data System: USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report. The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2003

33. Curtis BM, Barret BJ, Jindal K, et al: Canadian survey of clinical status at dialysis initiation 1998-1999: A multicenter prospective survey. Clin Nephrol 58:282-288, 2002

34. Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, et al: The Initiating Dialysis Early and Late (IDEAL) Study: Study rationale and design. Perit Dial Int 24:176-181, 2004

35. Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. KDOQI, National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 35:S1-140, 2000

36. Churchill DN, Thorpe KE, Nolph KD, Keshaviah PR, Oreopoulos DG, Page D: Increased peritoneal membrane transport is associated with decreased patient and technique survival for continuous peritoneal dialysis patients. The Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1285-1292, 1998

37. Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Churchill DN: Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: A reanalysis of the CANUSA Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2158-2162, 2001

38. Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, et al: Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1307-1320, 2002

39. Lo WK, Ho YW, Li CS, et al: Effect of Kt/V on survival and clinical outcome in CAPD patients in a randomized prospective study. Kidney Int 64:649-656, 2003

40. Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Guo A, Mujais S: Health-related quality of life predicts outcomes but is not affected by peritoneal clearance: The ADEMEX trial. Kidney Int 67:1093-1104, 2005

41. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Leung CB, et al: Importance of dialysis adequacy in mortality and morbidity of Chinese CAPD patients. Kidney Int 58:400-407, 2000

42. Diaz-Buxo JA, Lowrie EG, Lew NL, Zhang SM, Zhu X, Lazarus JM: Associates of mortality among peritoneal dialysis patients with special reference to peritoneal transport rates and solute clearance. Am J Kidney Dis 33:523-534, 1999

43. Rocco MV, Frankenfield DL, Prowant B, Frederick P, Flanigan MJ: Risk factors for early mortality in U.S. peritoneal dialysis patients: Impact of residual renal function. Perit Dial Int 22:371-379, 2002

44. Termorshuizen F, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW, van Manen JG, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT: The relative importance of residual renal function compared with peritoneal clearance for patient survival and quality of life: An analysis of the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD)-2. Am J Kidney Dis 41:1293-1302, 2003

45. Chung SH, Heimburger O, Stenvinkel P, Qureshi AR, Lindholm B: Association between residual renal function, inflammation and patient survival in new peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:590-597, 2003

46. Jager KJ, Merkus MP, Dekker FW, et al: Mortality and technique failure in patients starting chronic peritoneal dialysis: Results of The Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis. NECOSAD Study roup. Kidney Int 55:1476-1485, 1999

47. Merkus MP, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, de Haan RJ, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT: Predictors of poor outcome in chronic dialysis patients: The Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis. The NECOSAD Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 35:69-79, 2000

48. Ates K, Nergizoglu G, Keven K, et al: Effect of fluid and sodium removal on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 60:767-776, 2001

49. Wang AY, Wang M, Woo J, et al: Inflammation, residual kidney function, and cardiac hypertrophy are interrelated and combine adversely to enhance mortality and cardiovascular death risk of peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2186-2194, 2004

50. Goldfarb-Rumyantzev AS, Baird BC, Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK: The association between BP and mortality in patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1693-1701, 2005

51. Utas C: Patient and technique survival on CAPD in Turkey. Perit Dial Int 21:602-606, 2001

52. Wang AY, Sanderson J, Sea MM, et al: Important factors other than dialysis adequacy associated with inadequate dietary protein and energy intakes in patients receiving maintenance peritoneal dialysis. Am J Clin Nutr 77:834-841, 2003

53. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Chow KM, Leung CB, Li PK: Oral sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of metabolic acidosis in peritoneal dialysis patients: A randomized placebo-control trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2119-2126, 2003

54. Eustace JA, Coresh J, Kutchey C, et al: Randomized double-blind trial of oral essential amino acids for dialysis-associated hypoalbuminemia. Kidney Int 57:2527-2538, 2000

55. Gonzalez-Espinoza L, Gutierrez-Chavez J, del Campo FM, et al: Randomized, open label, controlled clinical trial of oral administration of an egg albumin-based protein supplement to patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 25:173-180, 2005

56. Teixido-Planas J, Ortiz A, Coronel F, et al: Oral protein-energy supplements in peritoneal dialysis: A multicenter study. Perit Dial Int 25:163-172, 2005

57. Jones CH, Wells L, Stoves J, Farquhar F, Woodrow G: Can a reduction in extracellular fluid volume result in increased serum albumin in peritoneal dialysis patients? Am J Kidney Dis 39:872-875, 2002

58. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Chow KM, Leung CB, Law MC, Li PK: Independent effects of renal and peritoneal clearances on the mortality of peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 24:58-64, 2004

59. Bernardini J, Piraino B: Measuring compliance with prescribed exchanges in CAPD and CCPD patients. Perit Dial Int 17:338-342, 1997

60. Sevick MA, Levine DW, Burkart JM, Rocco MV, Keith J, Cohen SJ: Measurement of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis prescription adherence using a novel approach. Perit Dial Int 19:23-30, 1999

61. Blake PG, Korbet SM, Blake R, et al: A multicenter study of noncompliance with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis exchanges in US and Canadian patients. Am J Kidney Dis 35:506-514, 2000

62. Wazny LD, Stojimirovic BB, Heidenheim P, Blake PG: Factors influencing erythropoietin compliance in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:623-628, 2002

63. Bernardini J, Piraino B: Compliance in CAPD and CCPD patients as measured by supply inventories during home visits. Am J Kidney Dis 31:101-107, 1998

64. Kutner NG, Zhang R, McClellan WM, Cole SA: Psychosocial predictors of non-compliance in haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:93-99, 2002

65. Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group: Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: Association with clinical outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:198-207, 1996

66. Lutes R, Perlmutter J, Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B: Loss of residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 9:165-168, 1993

67. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Chow KM, et al: Impact of dialysis adequacy on the mortality and morbidity of anuric Chinese patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:355-360, 2001

68. Szeto CC, Lai KN, Wong TY, et al: Independent effects of residual renal function and dialysis adequacy on nutritional status and patient outcome in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 34:1056-1064, 1999

69. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Chow KM, Leung CB, Li PK: Are peritoneal dialysis patients with and without residual renal function equivalent for survival study? Insight from a retrospective review of the cause of death. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:977-982, 2003

70. Lo WK, Lui SL, Chan TM, et al: Minimal and optimal peritoneal Kt/V targets: Results of an anuric peritoneal dialysis patient's survival analysis. Kidney Int 67:2032-2038, 2005

71. Brown EA, Davies SJ, Rutherford P, et al: Survival of functionally anuric patients on automated peritoneal dialysis: The European APD Outcome Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2948-2957, 2003

72. Jansen MA, Termorshuizen F, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW, Boeschoten E, Krediet RT: Predictors of survival in anuric peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 68:1199-1205, 2005

73. Bhaskaran S, Schaubel DE, Jassal SV, et al: The effect of small solute clearances on survival of anuric peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 20:181-187, 2000

74. Szeto CC, Wong TY, Chow KM, et al: The impact of increasing the daytime dialysis exchange frequency on peritoneal dialysis adequacy and nutritional status of Chinese anuric patients. Perit Dial Int 22:197-203, 2002

75. Lye WC, Chan PS, Leong SO, van der Straaten JC: Psychosocial and psychiatric morbidity in patients on CAPD. Adv Perit Dial 13:134-136, 1997

76. Wuerth D, Finkelstein SH, Ciarcia J, Peterson R, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO: Identification and treatment of depression in a cohort of patients maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1011-1017, 2001

77. Bargman JM, Bick J, Cartier P, et al: Guidelines for adequacy and nutrition in peritoneal dialysis. Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:S311-S321, 1999 (suppl 13)

77A. CARI (Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment) PD Guidelines. Updated January 11, 2006. Copyright 2004, CARI

77B. The Renal Association Treatment of Adults and Children with Renal Failure Standards and Audit Measures, 3rd edition. Prepared by the Standards and Audit Subcommittee of the Renal Association on behalf of the Renal Association and the Royal College of Physicians of London in collaboration with the British Transplantation Society, the Intensive Care Society and the British Association of Paediatric Nephrologists.

78. Dombros N, Dratwa M, Feriani M, et al: European best practice guidelines for peritoneal dialysis. 7: Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:ix24-ix27, 2005 (suppl 9)

79. Rocco M, Soucie JM, Pastan S, McClellan WM: Peritoneal dialysis adequacy and risk of death. Kidney Int 58:446-457, 2000

80. Lo WK, Tong KL, Li CS, et al: Relationship between adequacy of dialysis and nutritional status, and their impact on patient survival on CAPD in Hong Kong. Perit Dial Int 21:441-447, 2001

81. Davies SJ, Phillips L, Russell GI: Peritoneal solute transport predicts survival on CAPD independently of residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:962-968, 1998

82. Perez RA, Blake PG, Spanner E, et al: High creatinine excretion ratio predicts a good outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 36:362-367, 2000

83. Park HC, Kang SW, Choi KH, Ha SK, Han DS, Lee HY: Clinical outcome in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients is not influenced by high peritoneal transport status. Perit Dial Int 21:S80-S85, 2001 (suppl 3)

84. Aslam N, Bernardini J, Fried L, Piraino B: Peritoneal dialysis clearance can replace residual renal function. Perit Dial Int 21:263-268, 2001

85. Tonbul Z, Altintepe L, Sozlu C, Yeksan M, Yildiz A, Turk S: The association of peritoneal transport properties with 24-hour blood pressure levels in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 23:46-52, 2003

86. Woodrow G, Oldroyd B, Stables G, Gibson J, Turney JH, Brownjohn AM: Effects of icodextrin in automated peritoneal dialysis on blood pressure and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:862-866, 2000

87. Menon MK, Naimark DM, Bargman JM, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG: Long-term blood pressure control in a cohort of peritoneal dialysis patients and its association with residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:2207-2213, 2001

88. Wang AY, Wang M, Woo J, et al: A novel association between residual renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:639-647, 2002

89. Singhal MK, Bhaskaran S, Vidgen E, Bargman JM, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG: Rate of decline of residual renal function in patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis and factors affecting it. Perit Dial Int 20:429-438, 2000

90. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al: Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 108:2154-2169, 2003

91. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, et al: Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 347:2010-2019, 2002

92. Foley RN, Parfrey PS: Cardiovascular disease and mortality in ESRD. J Nephrol 11:239-245, 1998

93. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia): Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 349:1857-1863, 1997

94. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001

95. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD: The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993

96. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001

97. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P: The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001

98. Moist LM, Port FK, Orzol SM, et al: Predictors of loss of residual renal function among new dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:556-564, 2000

99. Li PK, Chow KM, Wong TY, Leung CB, Szeto CC: Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on residual renal function in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. A randomized, controlled study. Ann Intern Med 139:105-112, 2003

100. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, Okada H, Nakamoto H: Effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, on residual renal function in patients on CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis 43:1056-1064, 2004

101. Shin SK, Noh H, Kang SW, et al: Risk factors influencing the decline of residual renal function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 19:138-142, 1999

102. Shemin D, Maaz D, St Pierre D, Kahn SI, Chazan JA: Effect of aminoglycoside use on residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34:14-20, 1999

103. Baker RJ, Senior H, Clemenger M, Brown EA: Empirical aminoglycosides for peritonitis do not affect residual renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 41:670-675, 2003

104. Kshirsagar AV, Poole C, Mottl A, et al: N-Acetylcysteine for the prevention of radiocontrast induced nephropathy: A meta-analysis of prospective controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:761-769, 2004

105. Tepel M, van der Giet M, Schwarzfeld C, Laufer U, Liermann D, Zidek W: Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med 343:180-184, 2000

106. Gunal AI, Duman S, Ozkahya M, et al: Strict volume control normalizes hypertension in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 37:588-593, 2001

107. Jansen MA, Hart AA, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT: Predictors of the rate of decline of residual renal function in incident dialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:1046-1053, 2002

108. Jassal SV, Lok CE, Walele A, Bargman JM: Continued transplant immunosuppression may prolong survival after return to peritoneal dialysis: Results of a decision analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 40:178-183, 2002

109. Bhatla B, Moore HL, Nolph KD: Modification of creatinine clearance by estimation of residual urinary creatinine and urea clearance in CAPD patients. Adv Perit Dial 11:101-105, 1995

110. Rodby RA, Firanek CA, Cheng YG, Korbet SM: Reproducibility of studies of peritoneal dialysis adequacy. Kidney Int 50:267-271, 1996

111. Johnson DW, Mudge DW, Sturtevant JM, et al: Predictors of decline of residual renal function in new peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 23:276-283, 2003

112. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ: Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 32:S112-S119, 1998 (suppl 3)

113. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 248:1465-1477, 1982

114. Konings CJ, Kooman JP, Schonck M, et al: Fluid status, blood pressure, and cardiovascular abnormalities in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 22:477-487, 2002

115. Sharma AP, Blake PG: Should “fluid removal” be used as an adequacy target in peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 23:107-108, 2003

116. Harnett JD, Foley RN, Kent GM, Barre PE, Murray D, Parfrey PS: Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: Prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors. Kidney Int 47:884-890, 1995

117. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE: Impact of hypertension on cardiomyopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 49:1379-1385, 1996

118. Mahon A, Fan SL: Accuracy of ultrafiltration volume measurements for patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 25:92-93, 2005

119. Medcalf JF, Harris KP, Walls J: Role of diuretics in the preservation of residual renal function in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 59:1128-1133, 2001

120. Davies SJ, Brown EA, Frandsen NE, et al: Longitudinal membrane function in functionally anuric patients treated with APD: Data from EAPOS on the effects of glucose and icodextrin prescription. Kidney Int 67:1609-1615, 2005

121. Davies SJ, Phillips L, Naish PF, Russell GI: Peritoneal glucose exposure and changes in membrane solute transport with time on peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1046-1051, 2001

122. Davies SJ, Woodrow G, Donovan K, et al: Icodextrin improves the fluid status of peritoneal dialysis patients: Results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2338-2344, 2003

123. Konings CJ, Kooman JP, Schonck M, et al: Effect of icodextrin on volume status, blood pressure and echocardiographic parameters: A randomized study. Kidney Int 63:1556-1563, 2003

124. Rodriguez-Carmona A, Fontan MP: Sodium removal in patients undergoing CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 22:705-713, 2002

125. Rodriguez-Carmona A, Perez-Fontan M, Garca-Naveiro R, Villaverde P, Peteiro J: Compared time profiles of ultrafiltration, sodium removal, and renal function in incident CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 44:132-145, 2004

126. de Fijter CW, Oe LP, Nauta JJ, et al: Clinical efficacy and morbidity associated with continuous cyclic compared with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med 120:264-271, 1994

127. Finkelstein FO, Sorkin M, Cramton CW, Nolph K: Initiatives in peritoneal dialysis: Where do we go from here? Perit Dial Int 11:274-278, 1991

128. Schaubel DE, Blake PG, Fenton SS: Trends in CAPD technique failure: Canada, 1981-1997. Perit Dial Int 21:365-371, 2001

129. Woodrow G, Turney JH, Brownjohn AM: Technique failure in peritoneal dialysis and its impact on patient survival. Perit Dial Int 17:360-364, 1997

130. Krishnan M, Thodis E, Ikonomopoulos D, et al: Predictors of outcome following bacterial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 22:573-581, 2002

131. Piraino B, Bailie GR, Bernardini J, et al: Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations: 2005 Update. Perit Dial Int 25:107-131, 2005

132. Troidle L, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger A, Finkelstein FO: Continuous peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: A review and current concepts. Semin Dial 16:428-437, 2003

133. Flanigan M, Gokal R: Peritoneal catheters and exit-site practices toward optimum peritoneal access: A review of current developments. Perit Dial Int 25:132-139, 2005

134. Gokal R, Alexander S, Ash S, et al: Peritoneal catheters and exit-site practices toward optimum peritoneal access: 1998 Update. (Official report from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis). Perit Dial Int 18:11-33, 1998

135. Thodis E, Passadakis P, Ossareh S, Panagoutsos S, Vargemezis V, Oreopoulos DG: Peritoneal catheter exit-site infections: Predisposing factors, prevention and treatment. Int J Artif Organs 26:698-714, 2003

136. Strippoli GF, Tong A, Johnson D, Schena FP, Craig JC: Catheter-related interventions to prevent peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2735-2746, 2004

137. Einwohner R, Bernardini J, Fried L, Piraino B: The effect of depressive symptoms on survival in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 24:256-263, 2004

138. Kimmel PL, Peterson RA, Weihs KL, et al: Multiple measurements of depression predict mortality in a longitudinal study of chronic hemodialysis outpatients. Kidney Int 57:2093-2098, 2000

139. Lopes AA, Albert JM, Young EW, et al: Screening for depression in hemodialysis patients: Associations with diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in the DOPPS. Kidney Int 66:2047-2053, 2004

140. Mapes DL, Lopes AA, Satayathum S, et al: Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Kidney Int 64:339-349, 2003

141. Troidle L, Watnick S, Wuerth DB, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO: Depression and its association with peritonitis in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 42:350-354, 2003

142. Lew SQ, Piraino B: Quality of life and psychological issues in peritoneal dialysis patients. Semin Dial 18:119-123, 2005

143. Wuerth D, Finkelstein SH, Finkelstein FO: The identification and treatment of depression in patients maintained on dialysis. Semin Dial 18:142-146, 2005

144. Rubin HR, Fink NE, Plantinga LC, Sadler JH, Kliger AS, Powe NR: Patient ratings of dialysis care with peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis. JAMA 291:697-703, 2004

145. Wuerth DB, Finkelstein SH, Schwetz O, Carey H, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO: Patients' descriptions of specific factors leading to modality selection of chronic peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int 22:184-190, 2002

146. Schaefer F, Langenbeck D, Heckert KH, Scharer K, Mehls O: Evaluation of peritoneal solute transfer by the peritoneal equilibration test in children. Adv Perit Dial 8:410-415, 1992

147. Warady BA, Alexander SR, Hossli S, et al: Peritoneal membrane transport function in children receiving long-term dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2385-2391, 1996

148. Morgenstern BZ, Wuhl E, Nair KS, Warady BA, Schaefer F: Anthropometric prediction of total body water in children who are on pediatric peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:285-293, 2006

149. Verrina E, Brendolan A, Gusmano R, Ronco C: Chronic renal replacement therapy in children: Which index is best for adequacy? Kidney Int 54:1690-1696, 1998

150. de Boer AW, van Schaijk TC, Willems HL, Reddingius RE, Monnens LA, Schroder CH: The necessity of adjusting dialysate volume to body surface area in pediatric peritoneal equilibration tests. Perit Dial Int 17:199-202, 1997

151. Schaefer F, Haraldsson B, Haas S, Simkova E, Feber J, Mehls O: Estimation of peritoneal mass transport by three-pore model in children. Kidney Int 54:1372-1379, 1998

152. Warady BA, Alexander S, Hossli S, Vonesh E, Geary D, Kohaut E: The relationship between intraperitoneal volume and solute transport in pediatric patients. Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Consortium. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1935-1939, 1995

153. Morgenstern BZ: Peritoneal equilibration in children. Perit Dial Int 16:S532-S539, 1996 (suppl 1)

154. Warady BA, Fivush B, Andreoli SP, et al: Longitudinal evaluation of transport kinetics in children receiving peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 13:571-576, 1999

155. Warady BA, Morgenstern B, Alexander SR: Peritoneal dialysis, in Pediatric Nephrology. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, pp 1375-1394

156. Warady BA, Watkins SL, Fivush BA, et al: Validation of PD Adequest 2.0 for pediatric dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 16:205-211, 2001

157. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 114:S555-S576, 2004 (suppl 2)

158. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:S1-S153, 2005 (suppl 3)

159. Mitsnefes M, Stablein D: Hypertension in pediatric patients on long-term dialysis: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). Am J Kidney Dis 45:309-315, 2005

160. Mitsnefes MM, Daniels SR, Schwartz SM, Meyer RA, Khoury P, Strife CF: Severe left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric dialysis: Prevalence and predictors. Pediatr Nephrol 14:898-902, 2000

161. Robinson RF, Nahata MC, Sparks E, et al: Abnormal left ventricular mass and aortic distensibility in pediatric dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 20:64-68, 2005

162. Holtta T, Happonen JM, Ronnholm K, Fyhrquist F, Holmberg C: Hypertension, cardiac state, and the role of volume overload during peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 16:324-331, 2001

163. de Boer AW, Schroder CH, van Vliet R, Willems JL, Monnens LA: Clinical experience with icodextrin in children: Ultrafiltration profiles and metabolism. Pediatr Nephrol 15:21-24, 2000

164. Rusthoven E, Krediet RT, Willems HL, Monnens LA, Schroder CH: Peritoneal transport characteristics with glucose polymer-based dialysis fluid in children. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2940-2947, 2004

165. Dart A, Feber J, Wong H, Filler G: Icodextrin re-absorption varies with age in children on automated peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 20:683-685, 2005

166. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 43:S1-S290, 2004 (suppl 1)

167. North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) 2005 Annual Report. Boston, MA, NAPRTCS Administrative Office, 2005

168. Furth SL, Hwang W, Yang C, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Powe NR: Growth failure, risk of hospitalization and death for children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 17:450-455, 2002

168A. Mahan JD, Warady BA, on behalf of the Growth in Children with CKD Consensus Committee: Assessment and treatment of short stature in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A consensus statement. Pediatr Nephrol 2006 (in press)

169. Proceedings of the IPNA Seventh Symposium on Growth and Development in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: The Molecular Basis of Skeletal Growth. April 1-3, 2004. Heidelberg, Germany. Pediatr Nephrol 20:249-440, C247-C211, 2005

170. Greenbaum LA, Del Rio M, Bamgbola F, Kaskel F: Rationale for growth hormone therapy in children with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 11:377-386, 2004

171. Kaskel F: Chronic renal disease: A growing problem. Kidney Int 64:1141-1151, 2003

172. Warady BA, Alexander SR, Watkins S, Kohaut E, Harmon WE: Optimal care of the pediatric end-stage renal disease patient on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 33:567-583, 1999

173. Neu AM, Ho PL, McDonald RA, Warady BA: Chronic dialysis in children and adolescents. The 2001 NAPRTCS Annual Report. Pediatr Nephrol 17:656-663, 2002

173A. Elhalel-Dranitzki M, Rubinger D, Moscovici A, Haviv YS, Friedlaender MM, Silver J, Popovtzer MM: CAPD to improve quality of life in patients with refractory heart failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:3041-3042, 1998

173B. Hebert MJ, Falardeau M, Pichette V, Houde M, Nolin L, Cardinal J, Ouimet D: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 25:761-768, 1995

173C. Konig P, Geissler D, Lechleitner P, Spielberger M, Dittrich P: Improved management of congestive heart failure. Use of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med 147:1031-1034, 1987

173D. McKinnie JJ, Bourgeois RJ, Husserl FE: Long-term therapy for heart failure with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med 145:1128-1129, 1985

173E. Ortiz AM, Acosta PA, Corbalan R, Jalil JE: Long-term automated peritoneal dialysis in patients with refractory congestive heart failure. Adv Perit Dial 19:77-80, 2003

173F. Rubin J, Ball R: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis as treatment of severe congestive heart failure in the face of chronic renal failure. Report of eight cases. Arch Intern Med 146:1533-1535, 1986

173G. Golper TA: Incremental dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:S107-111, 1998

173H. Mehrotra R, Nolph KD, Gotch F: Early initiation of chronic dialysis: role of incremental dialysis. Perit Dial Int 17:426-430, 1997

173I. Bonomini V, Feletti C, Scolari MP, Stefoni S: Benefits of early initiation of dialysis. Kidney Int Suppl 17:S57-59, 1985

173J. Burkart JM, Satko SG: Incremental initiation of dialysis: one center's experience over a two-year period. Perit Dial Int 20:418-422, 2000

173K. De Vecchi AF, Scalamogna A, Finazzi S, Colucci P, Ponticelli C: Preliminary evaluation of incremental peritoneal dialysis in 25 patients. Perit Dial Int 20:412-417, 2000

173L. Neri L, Viglino G, Cappelletti A, Gandolfo C, Barbieri S: Incremental dialysis with automated peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 19:93-96, 2003

173M. Tzamaloukas AH: Incremental initiation of peritoneal dialysis: current practice. Adv Perit Dial 15:175-178, 1999

173N. Williams PF: Timely initiation of dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 34:594-595, 1999

174. Davies SJ, Russell L, Bryan J, Phillips L, Russell GI: Comorbidity, urea kinetics, and appetite in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: Their interrelationship and prediction of survival. Am J Kidney Dis 26:353-361, 1995

175. Mak SK, Wong PN, Lo KY, Tong GM, Fung LH, Wong AK: Randomized prospective study of the effect of increased dialytic dose on nutritional and clinical outcome in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 36:105-114, 2000

176. Uribarri J, Dimaano F, London RD, Dowling J, Marcus RG: Increase in Kt/V increased serum albumin but not nPCR in a group of patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 17:511-513, 1997

177. Harty J, Boulton H, Faragher B, Venning M, Gokal R: The influence of small solute clearance on dietary protein intake in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: A methodologic analysis based on cross-sectional and prospective studies. Am J Kidney Dis 28:553-560, 1996

178. Cheng LT, Tang W, Wang T: Strong association between volume status and nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:891-902, 2005

179. Herzig KA, Purdie DM, Chang W, et al: Is C-reactive protein a useful predictor of outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients? J Am Soc Nephrol 12:814-821, 2001

180. Arkouche W, Fouque D, Pachiaudi C, et al: Total body water and body composition in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1906-1914, 1997

181. Woodrow G, Oldroyd B, Turney JH, Davies PS, Day JM, Smith MA: Measurement of total body water and urea kinetic modelling in peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol 47:52-57, 1997

182. Dahl NV, Foote EF, Kapoian T, Steward CA, Sherman RA: Measuring total body water in peritoneal dialysis patients using an ethanol dilution technique. Kidney Int 56:2297-2303, 1999

183. Johansson AC, Samuelsson O, Attman PO, Bosaeus I, Haraldsson B: Limitations in anthropometric calculations of total body water in patients on peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:568-573, 2001

184. Jones MR: Etiology of severe malnutrition: Results of an international cross-sectional study in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 23:412-420, 1994

185. Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH: Estimating urea volume in amputees on peritoneal dialysis by modified anthropometric formulas. Adv Perit Dial 12:143-146, 1996

186. Wong KC, Xiong DW, Kerr PG, et al: Kt/V in CAPD by different estimations of V. Kidney Int 48:563-569, 1995

187. Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH, Piraino B, et al: The relation between body size and normalized small solute clearances in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1575-1581, 1999

188. Keshaviah PR, Nolph KD, Moore HL, et al: Lean body mass estimation by creatinine kinetics. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1475-1485, 1994

189. Lo WK, Prowant BF, Moore HL, et al: Comparison of different measurements of lean body mass in normal individuals and in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 23:74-85, 1994

190. Gilbert R, Gokal RK: The gastrointestinal system, in Eknoyan G, Knochel JP (eds): The Systemic Consequences of Renal Failure. New York, NY, Grune & Stratton, 1984, p 133

191. Ikizler TA, Wingard RL, Hakim RM: Malnutrition in peritoneal dialysis patients: Etiologic factors and treatment options. Perit Dial Int 15:S63-S66, 1995 (suppl 5)

192. Hylander B, Barkeling B, Rossner S: What contributes to poor appetite in CAPD patients? Perit Dial Int 11:S117, 1991 (suppl 1; abstr)

193. Hylander B, Barkeling B, Rossner S: Appetite and eating behavior—A comparison between CAPD patients, HD patients, and healthy controls. Perit Dial Int 12:S137A, 1992 (suppl 1; abstr)

194. Lindholm B, Bergstrom J: Nutritional management of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, in Nolph KD (ed): Peritoneal Dialysis (ed 3). Boston, MA, Kluwer, 1989, pp 230-260

195. Bannister DK, Acchiardo SR, Moore LW, Kraus AP Jr: Nutritional effects of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. J Am Diet Assoc 87:53-56, 1987

196. Acchiardo SR, Moore LW, Latour PA: Malnutrition as the main factor in morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 16:S199-S203, 1983

197. Degoulet P, Legrain M, Reach I, et al: Mortality risk factors in patients treated by chronic hemodialysis. Report of the Diaphane collaborative study. Nephron 31:103-110, 1982

198. Lowrie EG, Lew NL: Death risk in hemodialysis patients: The predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities. Am J Kidney Dis 15:458-482, 1990

199. Held PJ, Port FK, Agadoa LYC: Survival Probabilities and Causes of Death. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, NIDDKD, 1991, pp 31-40

200. Enia G, Sicuso C, Alati G, Zoccali C: Subjective global assessment of nutrition in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8:1094-1098, 1993

201. Kopple JD, Jones MR, Keshaviah PR, et al: A proposed glossary for dialysis kinetics. Am J Kidney Dis 26:963-981, 1995

202. Harty JC, Boulton H, Curwell J, et al: The normalized protein catabolic rate is a flawed marker of nutrition in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 45:103-109, 1994

203. Health Care Financing Administration: 2000 Annual Report, End-Stage Renal Disease Clinical Performance Measures Project. Baltimore, MD, Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration, Office of Clinical Standards and Quality, 2000

204. Blumenkrantz MJ, Kopple JD, Moran JK, Coburn JW: Metabolic balance studies and dietary protein requirements in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 21:849-861, 1982

205. Diamond SM, Henrich WL: Nutrition and peritoneal dialysis, in Mitch WE, Klahr S (eds): Nutrition and the Kidney. Boston, MA, Little, Brown, 1988, pp 198-223

206. Bergstrom J, Lindholm B: Nutrition and adequacy of dialysis. How do hemodialysis and CAPD compare? Kidney Int Suppl 40:S39-S50, 1993

207. Nolph KD: What's new in peritoneal dialysis—An overview. Kidney Int Suppl 38:S148-S152, 1992

208. Lim VS, Flanigan MJ: Protein intake in patients with renal failure: Comments on the current NKF-DOQI guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Semin Dial 14:150-152, 2001

209. Uribarri J, Levin NW, Delmez J, et al: Association of acidosis and nutritional parameters in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34:493-499, 1999

210. Juergensen PH, Gorban-Brennan N, Finkelstein FO: Compliance with the dialysis regimen in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients: Utility of the pro card and impact of patient education. Adv Perit Dial 20:90-92, 2004

211. Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD, Khanna R, et al: Peritoneal equilibration test. Perit Dial Bull 7:138-147, 1987

212. Blake P, Burkart JM, Churchill DN, et al: Recommended clinical practices for maximizing peritoneal dialysis clearances. Perit Dial Int 16:448-456, 1996

213. Burkart JM, Schreiber M, Korbet SM, et al: Solute clearance approach to adequacy of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 16:457-470, 1996

214. Davies SJ: Monitoring of long-term peritoneal membrane function. Perit Dial Int 21:225-230, 2001

215. Pannekeet MM, Imholz AL, Struijk DG, et al: The standard peritoneal permeability analysis: A tool for the assessment of peritoneal permeability characteristics in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 48:866-875, 1995

216. Ho-dac-Pannekeet MM, Atasever B, Struijk DG, Krediet RT: Analysis of ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis patients by means of standard peritoneal permeability analysis. Perit Dial Int 17:144-150, 1997

217. Haraldsson B: Assessing the peritoneal dialysis capacities of individual patients. Kidney Int 47:1187-1198, 1995

218. Mujais S, Nolph K, Gokal R, et al: Evaluation and management of ultrafiltration problems in peritoneal dialysis. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis Ad Hoc Committee on Ultrafiltration Management in Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 20:S5-S21, 2000 (suppl 4)

219. Rocco MV, Jordan JR, Burkart JM: Changes in peritoneal transport during the first month of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 15:12-17, 1995

220. Johnson DW, Mudge DW, Blizzard S, et al: A comparison of peritoneal equilibration tests performed 1 and 4 weeks after PD commencement. Perit Dial Int 24:460-465, 2004

221. Davies SJ, Phillips L, Griffiths AM, Russell LH, Naish PF, Russell GI: What really happens to people on long-term peritoneal dialysis? Kidney Int 54:2207-2217, 1998

222. Heimburger O, Waniewski J, Werynski A, Tranaeus A, Lindholm B: Peritoneal transport in CAPD patients with permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity. Kidney Int 38:495-506, 1990

223. Krediet RT: The physiology of peritoneal solute transport and ultrafiltration, in Gokal R, Khanna R, Krediet RT, Nolph K (eds): Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer, 2000, pp 135-172

224. Virga G, Amici G, da Rin G, et al: Comparison of fast peritoneal equilibration tests with 1.36 and 3.86% dialysis solutions. Blood Purif 12:113-120, 1994

225. Pride ET, Gustafson J, Graham A, et al: Comparison of a 2.5% and a 4.25% dextrose peritoneal equilibration test. Perit Dial Int 22:365-370, 2002

226. Smit W, van Dijk P, Langedijk MJ, et al: Peritoneal function and assessment of reference values using a 3.86% glucose solution. Perit Dial Int 23:440-449, 2003

227. Rubin J, Ray R, Barnes T, Bower J: Peritoneal abnormalities during infectious episodes of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 29:124-127, 1981

228. Krediet RT, Zuyderhoudt FM, Boeschoten EW, Arisz L: Alterations in the peritoneal transport of water and solutes during peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eur J Clin Invest 17:43-52, 1987

229. Panasiuk E, Pietrzak P, Klos M, Wankowicz Z: Characteristics of peritoneum after peritonitis in CAPD patients. Adv Perit Dial 4:42-45, 1988

230. Brophy DF, Sowinski KM, Kraus MA, Moe SM, Klaunig JE, Mueller BA: Small and middle molecular weight solute clearance in nocturnal intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 19:534-539, 1999

231. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease, 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 37:S182-S238, 2001 (suppl 1)

232. American Academy of Pediatrics: National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 89:525-584, 1992

233. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemias in Patients With Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S1-S91, 2003 (suppl 3)

234. Morton KA, Pisani DE, Whiting JH Jr, Cheung AK, Arias JM, Valdivia S: Determination of glomerular filtration rate using technetium-99m-DTPA with differing degrees of renal function. J Nucl Med Technol 25:110-114, 1997

235. Perrone RD, Steinman TI, Beck GJ, et al: Utility of radioisotopic filtration markers in chronic renal insufficiency: Simultaneous comparison of 125I-iothalamate, 169Yb-DTPA, 99mTc-DTPA, and inulin. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am J Kidney Dis 16:224-235, 1990

236. Greenbaum LA, Schaefer F: The decision to initiate dialysis in children and adolescents, in Warady BA, Schaefer F, Fine RN, Alexander S (eds): Pediatric Dialysis. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer, 2004, pp 177-195

237. Shemesh O, Golbetz H, Kriss JP, Myers BD: Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients. Kidney Int 28:830-838, 1985

238. Lubowitz H, Slatopolsky E, Shankel S, Rieselbach RE, Bricker NS: Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal disease. JAMA 199:252-256, 1967

239. van Olden RW, Krediet RT, Struijk DG, Arisz L: Measurement of residual renal function in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:745-750, 1996

240. Hellerstein S, Berenbom M, Alon US, Warady BA: Creatinine clearance following cimetidine for estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Pediatr Nephrol 12:49-54, 1998

241. Hellerstein S, Erwin P, Warady BA: The cimetidine protocol: A convenient, accurate, and inexpensive way to measure glomerular filtration rate. Pediatr Nephrol 18:71-72, 2003

242. Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelmann CM Jr, Spitzer A: A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics 58:259-263, 1976

243. Seikaly MG, Loleh S, Rosenblum A, Browne R: Validation of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services algorithm for eligibility for dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 19:893-897, 2004

244. Alexander SR, Warady BA: The demographics of dialysis in children, in Warady BA, Schaefer F, Fine RN, Alexander S (eds): Pediatric Dialysis. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer, 2004, pp 35-45

245. Fine RN, Ho M: The role of APD in the management of pediatric patients: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Semin Dial 15:427-429, 2002

246. Warady BA, Schaefer F, Alexander SR, Firanek C, Mujais S: Care of the pediatric patient on peritoneal dialysis: Clinical process for optimal outcomes. Deerfield, IL, Baxter Healthcare, 2004

246A. Goldstein SL, Graham N, Burwinkle T, Warady B, Farrah R, Varni JW: Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with ESRD. Pediatr Nephrol 2006 (in press)

247. Watson AR, Gartland C: Avoiding and coping with patient and family burnout, in Fine RN, Alexander SR, Warady BA (eds): CAPD/CCPD in Children. Boston, MA, Kluwer, 1998, pp 491-506

248. Oreopoulos DG: Beyond Kt/V: Redefining adequacy of dialysis in the 21st century. Int Urol Nephrol 34:393-403, 2002

249. Wong CS, Hingorani S, Gillen DL, et al: Hypoalbuminemia and risk of death in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 61:630-637, 2002

250. Chadha V, Blowey DL, Warady BA: Is growth a valid outcome measure of dialysis clearance in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 21:S179-S184, 2001 (suppl 3)

251. Holtta T, Ronnholm K, Jalanko H, Holmberg C: Clinical outcome of pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis under adequacy control. Pediatr Nephrol 14:889-897, 2000

252. Chen HH, Shetty A, Afthentopoulos IE, Oreopoulos DG: Discrepancy between weekly KT/V and weekly creatinine clearance in patients on CAPD. Adv Perit Dial 11:83-87, 1995

253. Twardowski ZJ: Relationship between creatinine clearance and Kt/V in peritoneal dialysis: A response to the defense of the DOQI document. Perit Dial Int 19:199-203, 1999

254. Mellits ED, Cheek DB: The assessment of body water and fatness from infancy to adulthood. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 35:12-26, 1970

255. Mendley SR, Majkowski NL, Schoeller DA: Validation of estimates of total body water in pediatric dialysis patients by deuterium dilution. Kidney Int 67:2056-2062, 2005

256. Morgenstern B, Nair KS, Lerner G, Neu A, Quan A, Warady BA: Impact of total body water errors on Kt/V estimates in children on peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 17:260-263, 2001

257. Morgenstern BZ, Mahoney DW, Warady BA: Estimating total body water in children on the basis of height and weight: A reevaluation of the formulas of Mellits and Cheek. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1884-1888, 2002

258. DuBois D, DuBois EF: A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 17:863-871, 1916

259. Gehan EA, George SL: Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:225-235, 1970

260. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Menouer S, et al: Effects of automated peritoneal dialysis on residual daily urinary volume in children. Adv Perit Dial 17:269-273, 2001

261. Wuhl E, Mehls O, Schaefer F: Antihypertensive and antiproteinuric efficacy of ramipril in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 66:768-776, 2004

262. Phakdeekitcharoen B, Leelasa-nguan P: Effects of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker on potassium in CAPD patients. Am J Kidney Dis 44:738-746, 2004

263. North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) 2004 Annual Report. Boston, MA, NAPRTCS Administrative Office, 2004

264. Gerson A, Hwang W, Fiorenza J, et al: Anemia and health-related quality of life in adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 44:1017-1023, 2004

265. Gerson AC, Riley A, Fivush BA, et al: Assessing health status and health care utilization in adolescents with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1427-1432, 2005

266. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Laugel V, Escande B, Dangelser C, Helmstetter A: Measurement of hydrostatic intraperitoneal pressure: A useful tool for the improvement of dialysis dose prescription. Pediatr Nephrol 18:976-980, 2003

267. Parekh RS, Flynn JT, Smoyer WE, et al: Improved growth in young children with severe chronic renal insufficiency who use specified nutritional therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2418-2426, 2001

268. Montini G, Amici G, Milan S, et al: Middle molecule and small protein removal in children on peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 61:1153-1159, 2002

269. Fischbach M, Stefanidis CJ, Watson AR: Guidelines by an ad hoc European committee on adequacy of the paediatric peritoneal dialysis prescription. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:380-385, 2002

270. Szeto CC, Chow KM, Kwan BC, et al: Hypokalemia in Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients: Prevalence and prognostic implication. Am J Kidney Dis 46:128-135, 2005

271. Chung SH, Heimburger O, Lindholm B, Lee HB: Peritoneal dialysis patient survival: A comparison between a Swedish and a Korean centre. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1207-1213, 2005

272. del Peso G, Fernandez-Reyes MJ, Hevia C, et al: Factors influencing peritoneal transport parameters during the first year on peritoneal dialysis: Peritonitis is the main factor. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1201-1206, 2005