NKF KDOQI GUIDELINES

KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease


REFERENCES

1. National Kidney Foundation: DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure. Am J Kidney Dis 30:S192-S240, 1997 (suppl 3)

2. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease: Update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 37:S182-S238, 2001 (suppl 1)

3. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 43:S1-S290, 2004 (suppl 1)

4. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2002 (suppl 1)

5. US Renal Data System: USRDS 2000 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2000

6. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemias in Patients With Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S1-S91, 2003 (suppl 3)

7. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:S1-S201, 2003 (suppl 3)

8. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. Am J Kidney Dis 35:S1-S140, 2000 (suppl 1)

9. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:S1-S153, 2005 (suppl 3)

10. Gilbertson DT, Liu J, Xue JL, et al: Projecting the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2015. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:3736-3741, 2005

11. Donnelly S: Why is erythropoietin made in the kidney? The kidney functions as a critmeter. Am J Kidney Dis 38:415-425, 2001

12. Metzen E, Ratcliffe PJ: HIF hydroxylation and cellular oxygen sensing. Biol Chem 385:223-230, 2004

13. Koury MJ, Ponka P: New insights into erythropoiesis: The roles of folate, vitamin B12, and iron. Annu Rev Nutr 24:105-131, 2004

14. De Maria R, Testa U, Luchetti L, et al: Apoptotic role of Fas/Fas ligand system in the regulation of erythropoiesis. Blood 93:796-803, 1999

15. Andrews NC: Anemia of inflammation: The cytokine-hepcidin link. J Clin Invest 113:1251-1253, 2004

16. Locatelli F, Aljama P, Barany P, et al: Revised European Best Practice Guidelines for the management of anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:Sii1-Sii47, 2004 (suppl 2)

17. Eschbach JW, Adamson JW: Anemia of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney Int 28:1-5, 1985

18. Radtke HW, Claussner A, Erbes PM, Scheuermann EH, Schoeppe W, Koch KM: Serum erythropoietin concentration in chronic renal failure: Relationship to degree of anemia and excretory renal function. Blood 54:877-884, 1979

19. McGonigle RJ, Wallin JD, Shadduck RK, Fisher JW: Erythropoietin deficiency and inhibition of erythropoiesis in renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 25:437-444, 1984

20. Fisher JW: Mechanism of the anemia of chronic renal failure. Nephron 25:106-111, 1980

21. Erslev AJ, Besarab A: The rate and control of baseline red cell production in hematologically stable patients with uremia. J Lab Clin Med 126:283-286, 1995

22. Besarab A, Levin A: Defining a renal anemia management period. Am J Kidney Dis 36:S13-S23, 2000. (suppl 1)

23. Chandra M, Miller ME, Garcia JF, Mossey RT, McVicar M: Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin levels in patients with polycystic kidney disease as compared with other hemodialysis patients. Nephron 39:26-29, 1985

24. Eschbach JW Jr, Funk D, Adamson J, Kuhn I, Scribner BH, Finch CA: Erythropoiesis in patients with renal failure undergoing chronic dialysis. N Engl J Med 276:653-658, 1967

25. Hsu CY, Bates DW, Kuperman GJ, Curhan GC: Relationship between hematocrit and renal function in men and women. Kidney Int 59:725-731, 2001

26. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Curhan GC: Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency among adults in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:504-510, 2002

27. Astor BC, Muntner P, Levin A, Eustace JA, Coresh J: Association of kidney function with anemia: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Arch Intern Med 162:1401-1408, 2002

28. US Renal Data System: USRDS 2004 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD, The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2004

29. McClellan W, Aronoff SL, Bolton WK, et al: The prevalence of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Med Res Opin 20:1501-1510, 2004

30. Levin A, Thompson CR, Ethier J, et al: Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease: Impact of decline in hemoglobin. Am J Kidney Dis 34:125-134, 1999

31. Obrador GT, Ruthazer R, Arora P, Kausz AT, Pereira BJ: Prevalence of and factors associated with suboptimal care before initiation of dialysis in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1793-1800, 1999

32. Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, Klein HG, Woodman RC: Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: Evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood 104:2263-2268, 2004

33. Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Okuno S, et al: Diabetes mellitus increases the severity of anemia in non-dialyzed patients with renal failure. J Nephrol 11:83-86, 1998

34. Bosman DR, Winkler AS, Marsden JT, Macdougall IC, Watkins PJ: Anemia with erythropoietin deficiency occurs early in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 24:495-499, 2001

35. Thomas MC, MacIsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, Power D, Jerums G: Unrecognized anemia in patients with diabetes: A cross-sectional survey. Diabetes Care 26:1164-1169, 2003

36. Thomas MC, MacIsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, et al: The burden of anaemia in type 2 diabetes and the role of nephropathy: A cross-sectional audit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:1792-1797, 2004

37. El-Achkar TM, Ohmit SE, McCullough PA, et al: Higher prevalence of anemia with diabetes mellitus in moderate kidney insufficiency: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program. Kidney Int 67:1483-1488, 2005

38. Roger SD, McMahon LP, Clarkson A, et al: Effects of early and late intervention with epoetin alpha on left ventricular mass among patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 3 or 4): Results of a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:148-156, 2004

39. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Thompson C, et al: Canadian randomized trial of hemoglobin maintenance to prevent or delay left ventricular mass growth in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 46:799-811, 2005

40. Hollowell JG, van Assendelft OW, Gunter EW, Lewis BG, Najjar M, Pfeiffer C: Hematological and iron-related analytes—Reference data for persons aged 1 year and over: United States, 1988-94. Vital Health Stat 11:1-156, 2005

41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 47:1-29, 1998

42. World Health Organization: Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, 2001

43. Levin A: How should anaemia be managed in pre-dialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:S66-S74, 1999 (suppl 2)

44. Xue JL, St Peter WL, Ebben JP, Everson SE, Collins AJ: Anemia treatment in the pre-ESRD period and associated mortality in elderly patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:1153-1161, 2002

45. Parfrey PS, Foley RN, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE: Outcome and risk factors for left ventricular disorders in chronic uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1277-1285, 1996

46. Levin A, Foley RN: Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 36:S24-S30, 2000 (suppl 1)

47. Kausz AT, Obrador GT, Pereira BJ: Anemia management in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 36:S39-S51, 2000 (suppl 1)

48. Locatelli F, Conte F, Marcelli D: The impact of haematocrit levels and erythropoietin treatment on overall and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity—The experience of the Lombardy Dialysis Registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1642-1644, 1998

49. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group: Association between recombinant human erythropoietin and quality of life and exercise capacity of patients receiving haemodialysis. BMJ 300:573-578, 1990

50. Ritz E, Eisenhardt A: Early epoetin treatment in patients with renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:S40-S44, 2000 (suppl 3)

51. Pugh LG: Muscular exercise on Mount Everest. J Physiol 141:233-261, 1958

52. Beall CM, Goldstein MC: Hemoglobin concentration of pastoral nomads permanently resident at 4,850-5,450 meters in Tibet. Am J Phys Anthropol 73:433-438, 1987

53. Richalet JP, Souberbielle JC, Antezana AM, et al: Control of erythropoiesis in humans during prolonged exposure to the altitude of 6,542 m. Am J Physiol 266:R756-R764, 1994

54. Whitehead TP, Robinson D, Hale AC, Bailey AR: Clinical chemistry and haematology: Adult reference values. London, UK, BUPA Medical Research, 1994

55. National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Early Evaluation Program. Am J Kidney Dis 45:S1-S135, 2005 (suppl 2)

56. Berkahn L, Keating A: Hematopoiesis in the elderly. Hematology 9:159-163, 2004

57. Svanberg B, Arvidsson B, Norrby A, Rybo G, Solvell L: Absorption of supplemental iron during pregnancy—A longitudinal study with repeated bone-marrow studies and absorption measurements. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 48:S87-S108, 1975

58. Puolakka J, Janne O, Pakarinen A, Jarvinen PA, Vihko R: Serum ferritin as a measure of iron stores during and after normal pregnancy with and without iron supplements. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 95:S43-S51, 1980

59. Taylor DJ, Mallen C, McDougall N, Lind T: Effect of iron supplementation on serum ferritin levels during and after pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 89:1011-1017, 1982

60. Meyers LD, Habicht JP, Johnson CL: Components of the difference in hemoglobin concentrations in blood between black and white women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 109:539-549, 1979

61. Cresanta JL, Croft JB, Webber LS, Nicklas TA, Berenson GS: Racial difference in hemoglobin concentration of young adults. Prev Med 16:659-669, 1987

62. Pan WH, Habicht JP: The non-iron-deficiency-related difference in hemoglobin concentration distribution between blacks and whites and between men and women. Am J Epidemiol 134:1410-1416, 1991

63. Jackson RT: Separate hemoglobin standards for blacks and whites: A critical review of the case for separate and unequal hemoglobin standards. Med Hypotheses 32:181-189, 1990

64. Johnson-Spear MA, Yip R: Hemoglobin difference between black and white women with comparable iron status: Justification for race-specific anemia criteria. Am J Clin Nutr 60:117-121, 1994

65. Tirlapur VG, Gicheru K, Charalambous BM, Evans PJ, Mir MA: Packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and oxygen saturation changes in healthy smokers and non-smokers. Thorax 38:785-787, 1983

66. Taralov Z, Koumtchev E, Lyutakova Z: Erythrocyte ferritin levels in chronic renal failure patients. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 40:65-70, 1998

67. Clyne N, Jogestrand T, Lins LE, Pehrsson SK: Progressive decline in renal function induces a gradual decrease in total hemoglobin and exercise capacity. Nephron 67:322-326, 1994

68. Nankivell BJ, Allen RD, O’Connell PJ, Chapman JR: Erythrocytosis after renal transplantation: Risk factors and relationship with GFR. Clin Transplant 9:375-382, 1995

69. de Klerk G, Wilmink JM, Rosengarten PC, Vet RJ, Goudsmit R: Serum erythropoietin (ESF) titers in anemia of chronic renal failure. J Lab Clin Med 100:720-734, 1982

70. Urabe A, Saito T, Fukamachi H, Kubota M, Takaku F: Serum erythropoietin titers in the anemia of chronic renal failure and other hematological states. Int J Cell Cloning 5:202-208, 1987

71. Silverberg DS, Iaina A, Peer G, et al: Intravenous iron supplementation for the treatment of the anemia of moderate to severe chronic renal failure patients not receiving dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 27:234-238, 1996

72. Lin JL, Kou MT, Leu ML: Effect of long-term low-dose aluminum-containing agents on hemoglobin synthesis in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Nephron 74:33-38, 1996

73. Clyne N, Jogestrand T: Effect of erythropoietin treatment on physical exercise capacity and on renal function in predialytic uremic patients. Nephron 60:390-396, 1992

74. Portoles J, Torralbo A, Martin P, Rodrigo J, Herrero JA, Barrientos A: Cardiovascular effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in predialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 29:541-548, 1997

75. Dimitrakov D, Kumchev E, Tllkian E: Study of the effect of recombinant erythropoietin on renal anaemia in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 36:31-36, 1994

76. Klahr S, Breyer JA, Beck GJ, et al: Dietary protein restriction, blood pressure control, and the progression of polycystic kidney disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2037-2047, 1995

77. Howard AD, Moore J Jr, Welch PG, Gouge SF: Analysis of the quantitative relationship between anemia and chronic renal failure. Am J Med Sci 297:309-313, 1989

78. Lim VS, Fangman J, Flanigan MJ, DeGowin RL, Abels RT: Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on renal function in humans. Kidney Int 37:131-136, 1990

79. Besarab A, Caro J, Jarrell B, et al: Effect of cyclosporine and delayed graft function on posttransplantation erythropoiesis. Transplantation 40:624-631, 1985

80. Brod J, Hornych A: Effect of correction of anemia on the glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal failure. Isr J Med Sci 3:53-59, 1967

81. Roth D, Smith RD, Schulman G, et al: Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on renal function in chronic renal failure predialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 24:777-784, 1994

82. Kuriyama S, Tomonari H, Yoshida H, Hashimoto T, Kawaguchi Y, Sakai O: Reversal of anemia by erythropoietin therapy retards the progression of chronic renal failure, especially in nondiabetic patients. Nephron 77:176-185, 1997

83. Hayashi T, Suzuki A, Shoji T, et al: Cardiovascular effect of normalizing the hematocrit level during erythropoietin therapy in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 35:250-256, 2000

84. Schwartz AB, Prior JE, Mintz GS, Kim KE, Kahn SB: Cardiovascular hemodynamic effects of correction of anemia of chronic renal failure with recombinant-human erythropoietin. Transplant Proc 23:1827-1830, 1991

85. Fehr T, Ammann P, Garzoni D, et al: Interpretation of erythropoietin levels in patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency and anemia. Kidney Int 66:1206-1211, 2004

86. Morris MW, Davey FR: Basic examination of blood, in Henry JB (ed): Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 1996, pp 549-593

87. Brittin GM, Brecher G, Johnson CA, Elashoff RM: Stability of blood in commonly used anticoagulants. Use of refrigerated blood for quality control of the Coulter Counter Model S. Am J Clin Pathol 52:690-694, 1969

88. Holt JT, DeWandler MJ, Arvan DA: Spurious elevation of the electronically determined mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit caused by hyperglycemia. Am J Clin Pathol 77:561-567, 1982

89. van Duijnhoven HL, Treskes M: Marked interference of hyperglycemia in measurements of mean (red) cell volume by Technicon H analyzers. Clin Chem 42:76-80, 1996

90. Paterakis GS, Laoutaris NP, Alexia SV, et al: The effect of red cell shape on the measurement of red cell volume. A proposed method for the comparative assessment of this effect among various haematology analysers. Clin Lab Haematol 16:235-245, 1994

91. Fraser CG, Wilkinson SP, Neville RG, Knox JD, King JF, MacWalter RS: Biologic variation of common hematologic laboratory quantities in the elderly. Am J Clin Pathol 92:465-470, 1989

92. Movilli E, Pertica N, Camerini C, et al: Predialysis versus postdialysis hematocrit evaluation during erythropoietin therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 39:850-853, 2002

93. Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, Terracciano V, et al: Influence of the cyclic variation of hydration status on hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:549-555, 2002

94. Hillman RS, Finch CA: Red Cell Manual (ed 7). Philadelphia, PA, Davis, 1996

95. Naets JP, Garcia JF, Tousaaint C, Buset M, Waks D: Radioimmunoassay of erythropoietin in chronic uraemia or anephric patients. Scand J Haematol 37:390-394, 1986

96. Ross RP, McCrea JB, Besarab A: Erythropoietin response to blood loss in hemodialysis patients in blunted but preserved. ASAIO J 40:M880-M885, 1994

97. Fishbane S, Lynn RI: The efficacy of iron dextran for the treatment of iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 44:238-240, 1995

98. Fernandez-Rodriguez AM, Guindeo-Casasus MC, Molero-Labarta T, et al: Diagnosis of iron deficiency in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 34:508-513, 1999

99. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Hoffken B, Wunsch H, Fink H, Kleiner M, Luft FC: Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in renal failure patients during the post-erythropoietin era. Am J Kidney Dis 26:292-299, 1995

100. Annibale B, Lahner E, Chistolini A, et al: Endoscopic evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract is worthwhile in premenopausal women with iron-deficiency anaemia irrespective of menstrual flow. Scand J Gastroenterol 38:239-245, 2003

101. Coban E, Timuragaoglu A, Meric M: Iron deficiency anemia in the elderly: Prevalence and endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in outpatients. Acta Haematol 110:25-28, 2003

102. Ioannou GN, Rockey DC, Bryson CL, Weiss NS: Iron deficiency and gastrointestinal malignancy: A population-based cohort study. Am J Med 113:276-280, 2002

103. Ioannou GN, Spector J, Scott K, Rockey DC: Prospective evaluation of a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia. Am J Med 113:281-287, 2002

104. Goddard AF, McIntyre AS, Scott BB: Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia. British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 46:SIV1-SIV5, 2000 (suppl 3-4)

105. Joosten E, Ghesquiere B, Linthoudt H, et al: Upper and lower gastrointestinal evaluation of elderly inpatients who are iron deficient. Am J Med 107:24-29, 1999

106. Ho CH, Chau WK, Hsu HC, Gau JP, You JY, Chen CC: Predictive risk factors and prevalence of malignancy in patients with iron deficiency anemia in Taiwan. Am J Hematol 78:108-112, 2005

107. Akmal M, Sawelson S, Karubian F, Gadallah M: The prevalence and significance of occult blood loss in patients with predialysis advanced chronic renal failure (CRF), or receiving dialytic therapy. Clin Nephrol 42:198-202, 1994

108. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al: The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 339:584-590, 1998

109. Parfrey PS, Foley RN, Wittreich BH, Sullivan DJ, Zagari MJ, Frei D: Double-blind comparison of full and partial anemia correction in incident hemodialysis patients without symptomatic heart disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2180-2189, 2005

110. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Morgan J, et al: Effect of hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy. Kidney Int 58:1325-1335, 2000

111. Lacson E Jr, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM: Effect of variability in anemia management on hemoglobin outcomes in ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis 41:111-124, 2003

112. Collins AJ, Brenner RM, Ofman JJ, et al: Epoetin alfa use in patients with ESRD: An analysis of recent US prescribing patterns and hemoglobin outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 46:481-488, 2005

113. Berns JS, Elzein H, Lynn RI, Fishbane S, Meisels IS, Deoreo PB: Hemoglobin variability in epoetin-treated hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 64:1514-1521, 2003

114. Fishbane S, Berns JS: Hemoglobin cycling in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 68:1337-1343, 2005

115. Eckardt KU: The CREATE trial—Building the evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:S16-S18, 2001 (suppl 2)

115A. US National Institutes of Health: CHOIR Trial. 2005. Accessed March 31, 2006

116. Man-Son-Hing M, Gage BF, Montgomery AA, et al: Preference-based antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: Implications for clinical decision making. Med Decis Making 25:548-559, 2005

117. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group: Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 11:23-26, 1991

118. Furuland H, Linde T, Ahlmen J, Christensson A, Strombom U, Danielson BG: A randomized controlled trial of haemoglobin normalization with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:353-361, 2003

119. Suzuki M, Hirasawa Y, Hirashima K, et al: Dose-finding, double-blind, clinical trial of recombinant human erythropoietin (Chugai) in Japanese patients with end-stage renal disease. Research Group for Clinical Assessment of rhEPO. Contrib Nephrol 76:179-192; discussion 212-178, 1989

120. Furuland H, Linde T, Wikstrom B, Danielson BG: Reduced hemodialysis adequacy after hemoglobin normalization with epoetin. J Nephrol 18:80-85, 2005

121. McMahon LP, Mason K, Skinner SL, Burge CM, Grigg LE, Becker GJ: Effects of haemoglobin normalization on quality of life and cardiovascular parameters in end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1425-1430, 2000

122. McMahon LP, McKenna MJ, Sangkabutra T, et al: Physical performance and associated electrolyte changes after haemoglobin normalization: A comparative study in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1182-1187, 1999

123. Nissenson AR, Korbet S, Faber M, et al: Multicenter trial of erythropoietin in patients on peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1517-1529, 1995

124. Bahlmann J, Schoter KH, Scigalla P, et al: Morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients with and without erythropoietin treatment: A controlled study. Contrib Nephrol 88:90-106, 1991

125. Sikole A, Polenakovic M, Spirovska V, Polenakovic B, Masin G: Analysis of heart morphology and function following erythropoietin treatment of anemic dialysis patients. Artif Organs 17:977-984, 1993

126. Morris KP, Sharp J, Watson S, Coulthard MG: Non-cardiac benefits of human recombinant erythropoietin in end stage renal failure and anaemia. Arch Dis Child 69:580-586, 1993

127. Abraham PA, Macres MG: Blood pressure in hemodialysis patients during amelioration of anemia with erythropoietin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2:927-936, 1991

128. Berns JS, Rudnick MR, Cohen RM, Bower JD, Wood BC: Effects of normal hematocrit on ambulatory blood pressure in epoetin-treated hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease. Kidney Int 56:253-260, 1999

129. Conlon PJ, Kovalik E, Schumm D, Minda S, Schwab SJ: Normalization of hematocrit in hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease does not increase blood pressure. Ren Fail 22:435-444, 2000

130. Levin A: The relationship of haemoglobin level and survival: Direct or indirect effects? Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:S8-S13, 2002 (suppl 5)

130A. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Thompson C, et al: Canadian randomized trial of hemoglobin maintenance to prevent or delay left ventricular mass growth in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 46:799-811, 2005

131. Lim VS, DeGowin RL, Zavala D, et al: Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in pre-dialysis patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 110:108-114, 1989

132. Revicki DA, Brown RE, Feeny DH, et al: Health-related quality of life associated with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy for predialysis chronic renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis 25:548-554, 1995

133. Kleinman KS, Schweitzer SU, Perdue ST, Bleifer KH, Abels RI: The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in the correction of anemia in predialysis patients and its effect on renal function: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 14:486-495, 1989

134. Watson AJ, Gimenez LF, Cotton S, Walser M, Spivak JL: Treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure with subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin. Am J Med 89:432-435, 1990

135. Abraham PA, Opsahl JA, Rachael KM, Asinger R, Halstenson CE: Renal function during erythropoietin therapy for anemia in predialysis chronic renal failure patients. Am J Nephrol 10:128-136, 1990

136. Locatelli F, Baldamus CA, Villa G, Ganea A, Martin de Francisco AL: Once-weekly compared with three-times-weekly subcutaneous epoetin beta: Results from a randomized, multicenter, therapeutic-equivalence study. Am J Kidney Dis 40:119-125, 2002

137. Locatelli F, Canaud B, Giacardy F, Martin-Malo A, Baker N, Wilson J: Treatment of anaemia in dialysis patients with unit dosing of darbepoetin alfa at a reduced dose frequency relative to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:362-369, 2003

138. Nissenson AR, Swan SK, Lindberg JS, et al: Randomized, controlled trial of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:110-118, 2002

139. Tolman C, Richardson D, Bartlett C, Will E: Structured conversion from thrice weekly to weekly erythropoietic regimens using a computerized decision-support system: A randomized clinical study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1463-1470, 2005

140. Kaufman JS, Reda DJ, Fye CL, et al: Subcutaneous compared with intravenous epoetin in patients receiving hemodialysis. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Erythropoietin in Hemodialysis Patients. N Engl J Med 339:578-583, 1998

141. Vanrenterghem Y, Barany P, Mann JF, et al: Randomized trial of darbepoetin alfa for treatment of renal anemia at a reduced dose frequency compared with rHuEPO in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:2167-2175, 2002

142. Ling B, Walczyk M, Agarwal A, Carroll W, Liu W, Brenner R: Darbepoetin alfa administered once monthly maintains hemoglobin concentrations in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol 63:327-334, 2005

143. Jadoul M, Vanrenterghem Y, Foret M, Walker R, Gray SJ: Darbepoetin alfa administered once monthly maintains haemoglobin levels in stable dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:898-903, 2004

144. Eschbach JW, Abdulhadi MH, Browne JK, et al: Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease. Results of a phase III multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 111:992-1000, 1989

145. Eschbach JW, Kelly MR, Haley NR, Abels RI, Adamson JW: Treatment of the anemia of progressive renal failure with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 321:158-163, 1989

146. Locatelli F, Olivares J, Walker R, et al: Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for treatment of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 60:741-747, 2001

147. Toto RD, Pichette V, Navarro J, et al: Darbepoetin alfa effectively treats anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease with de novo every-other-week administration. Am J Nephrol 24:453-460, 2004

148. Besarab A, Amin N, Ahsan M, et al: Optimization of epoetin therapy with intravenous iron therapy in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:530-538, 2000

149. DeVita MV, Frumkin D, Mittal S, Kamran A, Fishbane S, Michelis MF: Targeting higher ferritin concentrations with intravenous iron dextran lowers erythropoietin requirement in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 60:335-340, 2003

150. Chang CH, Chang CC, Chiang SS: Reduction in erythropoietin doses by the use of chronic intravenous iron supplementation in iron-replete hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 57:136-141, 2002

151. Fishbane S, Galgano C, Langley RC Jr, Canfield W, Maesaka JK: Reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the evaluation of iron status of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 52:217-222, 1997

152. Fishbane S, Kowalski EA, Imbriano LJ, Maesaka JK: The evaluation of iron status in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2654-2657, 1996

153. Chuang CL, Liu RS, Wei YH, Huang TP, Tarng DC: Early prediction of response to intravenous iron supplementation by reticulocyte haemoglobin content and high-fluorescence reticulocyte count in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:370-377, 2003

154. Tessitore N, Solero GP, Lippi G, et al: The role of iron status markers in predicting response to intravenous iron in haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1416-1423, 2001

155. Mittman N, Sreedhara R, Mushnick R, et al: Reticulocyte hemoglobin content predicts functional iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients receiving rHuEPO. Am J Kidney Dis 30:912-922, 1997

156. Fishbane S, Frei GL, Maesaka J: Reduction in recombinant human erythropoietin doses by the use of chronic intravenous iron supplementation. Am J Kidney Dis 26:41-46, 1995

157. Fishbane S, Shapiro W, Dutka P, Valenzuela OF, Faubert J: A randomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 60:2406-2411, 2001

158. Kaneko Y, Miyazaki S, Hirasawa Y, Gejyo F, Suzuki M: Transferrin saturation versus reticulocyte hemoglobin content for iron deficiency in Japanese hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 63:1086-1093, 2003

159. Mitsuiki K, Harada A, Miyata Y: Assessment of iron deficiency in chronic hemodialysis patients: Investigation of cutoff values for reticulocyte hemoglobin content. Clin Exp Nephrol 7:52-57, 2003

160. Besarab A, Kaiser JW, Frinak S: A study of parenteral iron regimens in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34:21-28, 1999

161. Lin JL, Chang MY, Tan DT, Leu ML: Short-term small-dose intravenous iron trial to detect functional iron deficiency in dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 21:91-97, 2001

162. Low CL, Bailie GR, Eisele G: Sensitivity and specificity of transferrin saturation and serum ferritin as markers of iron status after intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 19:781-788, 1997

163. Canavese C, Bergamo D, Ciccone G, et al: Validation of serum ferritin values by magnetic susceptometry in predicting iron overload in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 65:1091-1098, 2004

164. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Regidor DL, McAllister CJ, Michael B, Warnock DG: Time-dependent associations between iron and mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:3070-3080, 2005

165. Feldman HI, Joffe M, Robinson B, Knauss J, et al: Administration of parenteral iron and mortality among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1623-1632, 2004

166. Macdougall IC, Tucker B, Thompson J, Tomson CR, Baker LR, Raine AE: A randomized controlled study of iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin. Kidney Int 50:1694-1699, 1996

167. Fudin R, Jaichenko J, Shostak A, Bennett M, Gotloib L: Correction of uremic iron deficiency anemia in hemodialyzed patients: A prospective study. Nephron 79:299-305, 1998

168. Nissenson AR, Berns JS, Sakiewicz P, et al: Clinical evaluation of heme iron polypeptide: Sustaining a response to rHuEPO in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 42:325-330, 2003

169. Van Wyck DB, Roppolo M, Martinez CO, Mazey RM, McMurray S: A randomized, controlled trial comparing IV iron sucrose to oral iron in anemic patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD. Kidney Int 68:2846-2856, 2005

170. Aggarwal HK, Nand N, Singh S, Singh M, Hemant, Kaushik G: Comparison of oral versus intravenous iron therapy in predialysis patients of chronic renal failure receiving recombinant human erythropoietin. J Assoc Physicians India 51:170-174, 2003

171. Stoves J, Inglis H, Newstead CG: A randomized study of oral vs intravenous iron supplementation in patients with progressive renal insufficiency treated with erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:967-974, 2001

172. Charytan C, Qunibi W, Bailie GR: Comparison of intravenous iron sucrose to oral iron in the treatment of anemic patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis. Nephron Clin Pract 100:c55-c62, 2005

173. Novey HS, Pahl M, Haydik I, Vaziri ND: Immunologic studies of anaphylaxis to iron dextran in patients on renal dialysis. Ann Allergy 72:224-228, 1994

174. Agarwal R, Vasavada N, Sachs NG, Chase S: Oxidative stress and renal injury with intravenous iron in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 65:2279-2289, 2004

175. Michael B, Coyne DW, Fishbane S, et al: Sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: Adverse reactions compared to placebo and iron dextran. Kidney Int 61:1830-1839, 2002

176. Walters BA, Van Wyck DB: Benchmarking iron dextran sensitivity: reactions requiring resuscitative medication in incident and prevalent patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1438-1442, 2005

177. Fletes R, Lazarus JM, Gage J, Chertow GM: Suspected iron dextran-related adverse drug events in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 37:743-749, 2001

178. Hamstra RD, Block MH, Schocket AL: Intravenous iron dextran in clinical medicine. JAMA 243:1726-1731, 1980

179. Fishbane S, Ungureanu VD, Maesaka JK, Kaupke CJ, Lim V, Wish J: The safety of intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 28:529-534, 1996

180. Faich G, Strobos J: Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose: Safer intravenous iron therapy than iron dextrans. Am J Kidney Dis 33:464-470, 1999

181. Bailie GR, Clark JA, Lane CE, Lane PL: Hypersensitivity reactions and deaths associated with intravenous iron preparations. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1443-1449, 2005

182. Stang PE, Fox JL: Adverse drug events and the Freedom of Information Act: An apple in Eden. Ann Pharmacother 26:238-243, 1992

183. Brimble KS, Rabbat CG, McKenna P, Lambert K, Carlisle EJ: Protocolized anemia management with erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2654-2661, 2003

184. Cervelli MJ, Gray N, McDonald S, Gentgall MG, Disney AP: Randomized cross-over comparison of intravenous and subcutaneous darbepoetin dosing efficiency in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology (Carlton) 10:129-135, 2005

185. Markowitz GS, Kahn GA, Feingold RE, Coco M, Lynn RI: An evaluation of the effectiveness of oral iron therapy in hemodialysis patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin. Clin Nephrol 48:34-40, 1997

186. McCarthy JT, Regnier CE, Loebertmann CL, Bergstralh EJ: Adverse events in chronic hemodialysis patients receiving intravenous iron dextran—A comparison of two products. Am J Nephrol 20:455-462, 2000

187. Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Blumenthal S, et al: Iron sucrose in hemodialysis patients: Safety of replacement and maintenance regimens. Kidney Int 66:1193-1198, 2004

188. Blaustein DA, Schwenk MH, Chattopadhyay J, et al: The safety and efficacy of an accelerated iron sucrose dosing regimen in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 64:S72-S77, 2003

189. Charytan C, Schwenk MH, Al-Saloum MM, Spinowitz BS: Safety of iron sucrose in hemodialysis patients intolerant to other parenteral iron products. Nephron Clin Pract 96:c63-c66, 2004

190. Aronoff GR: Safety of intravenous iron in clinical practice: Implications for anemia management protocols. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:S99-S106, 2004 (suppl 2)

191. Hoppel C: The role of carnitine in normal and altered fatty acid metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S4-S12, 2003 (suppl 4)

192. Bohmer T, Bergrem H, Eiklid K: Carnitine deficiency induced during intermittent haemodialysis for renal failure. Lancet 1:126-128, 1978

193. Golper TA, Goral S, Becker BN, Langman CB: L-Carnitine treatment of anemia. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S27-S34, 2003 (suppl 4)

194. Berns JS, Mosenkis A: Pharmacologic adjuvants to epoetin in the treatment of anemia in patients on hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 9:7-22, 2005

195. Levocarnitine for Use in the Treatment of Carnitine Deficiency in ESRD Patients (program memorandum). Baltimore, MD, Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS), Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 2003

196. Caruso U, Leone L, Cravotto E, Nava D: Effects of L-carnitine on anemia in aged hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin: A pilot study. Dial Transplant 27:498-506, 1998

197. Kletzmayr J, Sunder-Plassmann G, Horl WH: High dose intravenous iron: A note of caution. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:962-965, 2002

198. Labonia WD: L-Carnitine effects on anemia in hemodialyzed patients treated with erythropoietin. Am J Kidney Dis 26:757-764, 1995

199. Semeniuk J, Shalansky KF, Taylor N, Jastrzebski J, Cameron EC: Evaluation of the effect of intravenous L-carnitine on quality of life in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 54:470-477, 2000

200. Vaux EC, Taylor DJ, Altmann P, et al: Effects of carnitine supplementation on muscle metabolism by the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy in end-stage renal disease. Nephron Clin Pract 97:c41-c48, 2004

200a. Steiber AL, Davis AT, Spry L, Strong J, Buss AL, Ratkiewicz MM, Weatherspoon LJ: Carnitine treatment improved quality-of-life measure in a sample of Midwestern hemodialysis patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006 Jan-Feb; 30(1):10-5.

201. Hurot JM, Cucherat M, Haugh M, Fouque D: Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:708-714, 2002

202. Eknoyan G, Latos DL, Lindberg J: Practice recommendations for the use of L-carnitine in dialysis-related carnitine disorder. National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Am J Kidney Dis 41:868-876, 2003

203. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. Am J Kidney Dis 35:S66-S70, 2000 (suppl 2)

204. Bridges KR, Hoffman KE: The effects of ascorbic acid on the intracellular metabolism of iron and ferritin. J Biol Chem 261:14273-14277, 1986

205. Lipschitz DA, Bothwell TH, Seftel HC, Wapnick AA, Charlton RW: The role of ascorbic acid in the metabolism of storage iron. Br J Haematol 20:155-163, 1971

206. Descombes E, Hanck AB, Fellay G: Water soluble vitamins in chronic hemodialysis patients and need for supplementation. Kidney Int 43:1319-1328, 1993

207. Sullivan JF, Eisenstein AB, Mottola OM, Mittal AK: The effect of dialysis on plasma and tissue levels of vitamin C. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 18:277-282, 1972

208. Costello JF, Sadovnic MJ, Cottington EM: Plasma oxalate levels rise in hemodialysis patients despite increased oxalate removal. J Am Soc Nephrol 1:1289-1298, 1991

209. Gastaldello K, Vereerstraeten A, Nzame-Nze T, Vanherweghem JL, Tielemans C: Resistance to erythropoietin in iron-overloaded haemodialysis patients can be overcome by ascorbic acid administration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10:S44-S47, 1995 (suppl 6)

210. Lin CL, Hsu PY, Yang HY, Huang CC: Low dose intravenous ascorbic acid for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anemia in diabetic hemodialysis patients with iron overload. Ren Fail 25:445-453, 2003

211. Sezer S, Ozdemir FN, Yakupoglu U, Arat Z, Turan M, Haberal M: Intravenous ascorbic acid administration for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anemia in iron loaded hemodialysis patients. Artif Organs 26:366-370, 2002

212. Tarng DC, Huang TP: A parallel, comparative study of intravenous iron versus intravenous ascorbic acid for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anaemia in haemodialysis patients with iron overload. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:2867-2872, 1998

213. Tarng DC, Wei YH, Huang TP, Kuo BI, Yang WC: Intravenous ascorbic acid as an adjuvant therapy for recombinant erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients with hyperferritinemia. Kidney Int 55:2477-2486, 1999

214. Giancaspro V, Nuzziello M, Pallotta G, Sacchetti A, Petrarulo F: Intravenous ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients with functional iron deficiency: A clinical trial. J Nephrol 13:444-449, 2000

215. Deira J, Diego J, Martinez R, et al: Comparative study of intravenous ascorbic acid versus low-dose desferroxamine in patients on hemodialysis with hyperferritinemia. J Nephrol 16:703-709, 2003

216. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K, Boldizsar J, Hribikova M, Petrovicova J: Oral use of iron with vitamin C in hemodialyzed patients. J Ren Nutr 13:47-51, 2003

217. Nguyen TV: Oral ascorbic acid as adjuvant to epoetin alfa in hemodialysis patients with hyperferritinemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm 61:2007-2008, 2004

218. Tovbin D, Markowitz A, Mostoslavsky M, Landver R: Effectiveness of erythropoiesis on supervised intradialytic oral iron and vitamin C therapy is correlated with Kt/V and patient weight. Clin Nephrol 53:276-282, 2000

219. Chan D, Irish A, Dogra G: Efficacy and safety of oral versus intravenous ascorbic acid for anaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology (Carlton) 10:336-340, 2005

220. Balcke P, Schmidt P, Zazgornik J, Kopsa H, Haubenstock A: Ascorbic acid aggravates secondary hyperoxalemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 101:344-345, 1984

221. Pru C, Eaton J, Kjellstrand C: Vitamin C intoxication and hyperoxalemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephron 39:112-116, 1985

222. Canavese C, Petrarulo M, Massarenti P, et al: Long-term, low-dose, intravenous vitamin C leads to plasma calcium oxalate supersaturation in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:540-549, 2005

223. Berger TM, Polidori MC, Dabbagh A, et al: Antioxidant activity of vitamin C in iron-overloaded human plasma. J Biol Chem 272:15656-15660, 1997

224. Chen WT, Lin YF, Yu FC, Kao WY, Huang WH, Yan HC: Effect of ascorbic acid administration in hemodialysis patients on in vitro oxidative stress parameters: Influence of serum ferritin levels. Am J Kidney Dis 42:158-166, 2003

225. Sirken G, Kung SC, Raja R: Decreased erythropoietin requirements in maintenance hemodialysis patients with statin therapy. ASAIO J 49:422-425, 2003

226. Cooper A, Mikhail A, Lethbridge MW, Kemeny DM, Macdougall IC: Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1877-1882, 2004

227. Weissgarten J, Modai D, Oz D, et al: Vitamin B(6) therapy does not improve hematocrit in hemodialysis patients supplemented with iron and erythropoietin. Nephron 87:328-332, 2001

228. Ayli D, Ayli M, Azak A, et al: The effect of high-flux hemodialysis on renal anemia. J Nephrol 17:701-706, 2004

229. Locatelli F, Andrulli S, Pecchini F, et al: Effect of high-flux dialysis on the anaemia of haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1399-1409, 2000

230. Opatrny K Jr, Reischig T, Vienken J, et al: Does treatment modality have an impact on anemia in patients with chronic renal failure? Effect of low- and high-flux biocompatible dialysis. Artif Organs 26:181-188, 2002

231. Richardson D, Lindley EJ, Bartlett C, Will EJ: A randomized, controlled study of the consequences of hemodialysis membrane composition on erythropoietic response. Am J Kidney Dis 42:551-560, 2003

232. Ifudu O, Feldman J, Friedman EA: The intensity of hemodialysis and the response to erythropoietin in patients with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 334:420-425, 1996

233. Ifudu O, Uribarri J, Rajwani I, et al: Adequacy of dialysis and differences in hematocrit among dialysis facilities. Am J Kidney Dis 36:1166-1174, 2000

234. Madore F, Lowrie EG, Brugnara C, et al: Anemia in hemodialysis patients: Variables affecting this outcome predictor. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1921-1929, 1997

235. Movilli E, Cancarini GC, Vizzardi V, et al: Epoetin requirement does not depend on dialysis dose when Kt/V > 1.33 in patients on regular dialysis treatment with cellulosic membranes and adequate iron stores. J Nephrol 16:546-551, 2003

236. Movilli E, Cancarini GC, Zani R, Camerini C, Sandrini M, Maiorca R: Adequacy of dialysis reduces the doses of recombinant erythropoietin independently from the use of biocompatible membranes in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:111-114, 2001

237. Kobayashi S, Moriya H, Aso K, Ohtake T: Vitamin E-bonded hemodialyzer improves atherosclerosis associated with a rheological improvement of circulating red blood cells. Kidney Int 63:1881-1887, 2003

238. Miller ER III, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E: Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 142:37-46, 2005

239. Ward RA: Ultrapure dialysate. Semin Dial 17:489-497, 2004

240. Ward RA: Ultrapure dialysate: A desirable and achievable goal for routine hemodialysis. Semin Dial 13:378-380, 2000

241. Kleophas W, Haastert B, Backus G, Hilgers P, Westhoff A, van Endert G: Long-term experience with an ultrapure individual dialysis fluid with a batch type machine. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:3118-3125, 1998

242. Hsu PY, Lin CL, Yu CC, et al: Ultrapure dialysate improves iron utilization and erythropoietin response in chronic hemodialysis patients—A prospective cross-over study. J Nephrol 17:693-700, 2004

243. Schiffl H, Lang SM, Bergner A: Ultrapure dialysate reduces dose of recombinant human erythropoietin. Nephron 83:278-279, 1999

244. Sitter T, Bergner A, Schiffl H: Dialysate related cytokine induction and response to recombinant human erythropoietin in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1207-1211, 2000

245. Eiselt J, Racek J, Opatrny K Jr: The effect of hemodialysis and acetate-free biofiltration on anemia. Int J Artif Organs 23:173-180, 2000

246. Ward RA, Schmidt B, Hullin J, Hillebrand GF, Samtleben W: A comparison of on-line hemodiafiltration and high-flux hemodialysis: A prospective clinical study. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2344-2350, 2000

247. Wizemann V, Lotz C, Techert F, Uthoff S: On-line haemodiafiltration versus low-flux haemodialysis. A prospective randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:S43-S48, 2000 (suppl 1)

248. Maduell F, del Pozo C, Garcia H, et al: Change from conventional haemodiafiltration to on-line haemodiafiltration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1202-1207, 1999

249. Lindsay RM: The London, Ontario, Daily/Nocturnal Hemodialysis Study. Semin Dial 17:85-91, 2004

250. Ting GO, Kjellstrand C, Freitas T, Carrie BJ, Zarghamee S: Long-term study of high-comorbidity ESRD patients converted from conventional to short daily hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1020-1035, 2003

251. Rao M, Muirhead N, Klarenbach S, Moist L, Lindsay RM: Management of anemia with quotidian hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 42:18-23, 2003

252. Schwartz DI, Pierratos A, Richardson RM, Fenton SS, Chan CT: Impact of nocturnal home hemodialysis on anemia management in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Nephrol 63:202-208, 2005

253. Woods JD, Port FK, Orzol S, et al: Clinical and biochemical correlates of starting “daily” hemodialysis. Kidney Int 55:2467-2476, 1999

254. Yuen D, Richardson RM, Fenton SS, McGrath-Chong ME, Chan CT: Quotidian nocturnal hemodialysis improves cytokine profile and enhances erythropoietin responsiveness. ASAIO J 51:236-241, 2005

255. Coronel F, Herrero JA, Montenegro J, et al: Erythropoietin requirements: A comparative multicenter study between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. J Nephrol 16:697-702, 2003

256. Snyder JJ, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Vonesh EF, Collins AJ: Hemoglobin levels and erythropoietin doses in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:174-179, 2004

257. Taji Y, Morimoto T, Okada K, Fukuhara S, Fukui T, Kuwahara T: Effects of intravenous ascorbic acid on erythropoiesis and quality of life in unselected hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol 17:537-543, 2004

258. Keven K, Kutlay S, Nergizoglu G, Erturk S: Randomized, crossover study of the effect of vitamin C on EPO response in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 41:1233-1239, 2003

259. Sheashaa H, Abdel-Razek W, El-Husseini A, et al: Use of nandrolone decanoate as an adjuvant for erythropoietin dose reduction in treating anemia in patients on hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract 99:c102-c106, 2005

260. Gaughan WJ, Liss KA, Dunn SR, et al: A 6-month study of low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin alone and in combination with androgens for the treatment of anemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 30:495-500, 1997

261. Berns JS, Rudnick MR, Cohen RM: A controlled trial of recombinant human erythropoietin and nandrolone decanoate in the treatment of anemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 37:264-267, 1992

262. McCullough PA, Lepor NE: The deadly triangle of anemia, renal insufficiency, and cardiovascular disease: implications for prognosis and treatment. Rev Cardiovasc Med 6:1-10, 2005

263. Linman JW: Physiologic and pathophysiologic effects of anemia. N Engl J Med 279:812-818, 1968

264. Rao SV, Jollis JG, Harrington RA, et al: Relationship of blood transfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 292:1555-1562, 2004

265. House AA, Pham B, Page DE: Transfusion and recombinant human erythropoietin requirements differ between dialysis modalities. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1763-1769, 1998

266. Popovsky MA, Ransil BJ: Long-term impact of recombinant human erythropoietin on transfusion support in patients with chronic renal failure. Immunohematology 12:1-3, 1996

267. Eschbach JW: The anemia of chronic renal failure: Pathophysiology and the effects of recombinant erythropoietin. Kidney Int 35:134-148, 1989

268. European Best Practice Guidelines for Renal Transplantation (part 1). Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:S1-S85, 2000 (suppl 7)

269. Welch HG, Meehan KR, Goodnough LT: Prudent strategies for elective red blood cell transfusion. Ann Intern Med 116:393-402, 1992

270. American College of Physicians: Practice strategies for elective red blood cell transfusion. Ann Intern Med 116:403-406, 1992

271. Crosby E, Ferguson D, Hume HA, Kronick JB, Larke B, LeBlond P, et al: Guidelines for red blood cell and plasma transfusion for adults and children. CMAJ 156:S1-S24, 1997 (suppl 11)

272. Ifudu O, Macey LJ, Friedman EA: Resurgence of blood transfusion therapy in erythropoietin treated hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J 41:M426-M430, 1995

273. Casadevall N, Nataf J, Viron B, et al: Pure red-cell aplasia and antierythropoietin antibodies in patients treated with recombinant erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 346:469-475, 2002

274. Rossert J, Casadevall N, Eckardt KU: Anti-erythropoietin antibodies and pure red cell aplasia. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:398-406, 2004

275. Boven K, Stryker S, Knight J, et al: The increased incidence of pure red cell aplasia with an Eprex formulation in uncoated rubber stopper syringes. Kidney Int 67:2346-2353, 2005

276. Eckardt KU, Casadevall N: Pure red-cell aplasia due to anti-erythropoietin antibodies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:865-869, 2003

277. Casadevall N, Cournoyer D, Marsh J, et al: Recommendations on haematological criteria for the diagnosis of epoetin-induced pure red cell aplasia. Eur J Haematol 73:389-396, 2004

278. Bennett CL, Luminari S, Nissenson AR, et al: Pure red-cell aplasia and epoetin therapy. N Engl J Med 351:1403-1408, 2004

279. Cournoyer D, Toffelmire EB, Wells GA, et al: Anti-erythropoietin antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia after treatment with recombinant erythropoietin products: Recommendations for minimization of risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2728-2734, 2004

280. Kausz AT, Solid C, Pereira BJ, Collins AJ, St Peter W: Intractable anemia among hemodialysis patients: A sign of suboptimal management or a marker of disease? Am J Kidney Dis 45:136-147, 2005

281. Cheng IK, Lu HB, Wei DC, Cheng SW, Chan CY, Lee FC: Influence of thalassemia on the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 13:142-148, 1993

282. Di Iorio B, Guastaferro P, Bellizzi V: Relationship between resistance to erythropoietin and high anomalous hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients with beta-thalassemia minor. Blood Purif 21:376-380, 2003

283. Lai KN, Wong KC, Li PK, Lui SF: Use of recombinant erythropoietin in thalassemic patients on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 19:239-245, 1992

284. Di Iorio B, De Nicola L, Bellizzi V, et al: Efficacy of erythropoietin on dialysis in patients with beta thalassemia minor. Blood Purif 22:453-460, 2004

285. Paritpokee N, Wiwanitkit V, Bhokaisawan N, Boonchalermvichian C, Preechakas P: Serum erythropoietin levels in pediatric patients with beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E. Clin Lab 48:631-634, 2002

286. Katopodis KP, Elisaf MS, Pappas HA, et al: Renal abnormalities in patients with sickle cell-beta thalassemia. J Nephrol 10:163-167, 1997

287. Papassotiriou I, Traeger-Synodinos J, Kanavakis E, Karagiorga M, Stamoulakatou A, Kattamis C: Erythroid marrow activity and hemoglobin H levels in hemoglobin H disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 20:539-544, 1998

288. Powe NR, Griffiths RI, Greer JW, et al: Early dosing practices and effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 43:1125-1133, 1993

289. Tomson CR, Edmunds ME, Chambers K, Bricknell S, Feehally J, Walls J: Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on erythropoiesis in homozygous sickle-cell anaemia and renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 7:817-821, 1992

290. Papassotiriou I, Voskaridou E, Stamoulakatou A, Loukopoulos D: Increased erythropoietin level induced by hydroxyurea treatment of sickle cell patients. Hematol J 1:295-300, 2000

291. Dammacco F, Luccarelli G, Prete M, Silvestris F: The role of recombinant human erythropoietin alpha in the treatment of chronic anemia in multiple myeloma. Rev Clin Exp Hematol Suppl 1:S32-S38, 2002

292. Weber G, Gross J, Kromminga A, Loew HH, Eckardt KU: Allergic skin and systemic reactions in a patient with pure red cell aplasia and anti-erythropoietin antibodies challenged with different epoetins. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2381-2383, 2002

293. Verhelst D, Rossert J, Casadevall N, Kruger A, Eckardt KU, Macdougall IC: Treatment of erythropoietin-induced pure red cell aplasia: A retrospective study. Lancet 363:1768-1771, 2004

294. Rossert J, Macdougall I, Casadevall N: Antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) treatment and re-treatment: Multiple options. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:Siv23-Siv26, 2005 (suppl 4)

295. Asari A, Gokal R: Pure red cell aplasia secondary to epoetin alpha responding to darbepoetin alpha in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2204-2207, 2004

296. Tarng DC, Chang JG, Huang TP: Resistance to recombinant erythropoietin in a hemodialysis patient with heterozygous hemoglobinopathy J-Meinung. Am J Kidney Dis 29:769-772, 1997

297. Drueke TB: Resistance to recombinant human erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 10:S34-S39, 1990 (suppl 2)

298. Ataga KI, Orringer EP: Renal abnormalities in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 63:205-211, 2000

299. Drueke TB: Modulating factors in the hematopoietic response to erythropoietin. Am J Kidney Dis 18:87-92, 1991

300. Yorgin PD, Belson A, Al-Uzri AY, Alexander SR: The clinical efficacy of higher hematocrit levels in children with chronic renal insufficiency and those undergoing dialysis. Semin Nephrol 21:451-462, 2001

301. Greenbaum LA: Anemia management in children, in Nissenson AR, Fine RN (eds): Clinical Dialysis. New York, NY, McGraw Hill, 2005, pp 1111-1134

302. McGonigle RJ, Boineau FG, Beckman B, et al: Erythropoietin and inhibitors of in vitro erythropoiesis in the development of anemia in children with renal disease. J Lab Clin Med 105:449-458, 1985

303. Nathan DG, Orkin SH: Appendix 11. Normal hematologic values in children, in Nathan DG, Orkin SH, Ginsburg D, Look AT, Oski FA (eds): Nathan and Oski’s Hematology of Infancy and Childhood (ed 6). Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 2003, p 1841

304. Warady BA, Kausz A, Lerner G, et al: Iron therapy in the pediatric hemodialysis population. Pediatr Nephrol 19:655-661, 2004

305. Warady BA, Zobrist RH, Wu J, Finan E: Sodium ferric gluconate complex therapy in anemic children on hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1320-1327, 2005

306. Warady BA, Ho M: Morbidity and mortality in children with anemia at initiation of dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 18:1055-1062, 2003

307. Mitsnefes MM, Daniels SR, Schwartz SM, Meyer RA, Khoury P, Strife CF: Severe left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric dialysis: Prevalence and predictors. Pediatr Nephrol 14:898-902, 2000

308. Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Border WL, et al: Impaired left ventricular diastolic function in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 65:1461-1466, 2004

309. Martin GR, Ongkingo JR, Turner ME, Skurow ES, Ruley EJ: Recombinant erythropoietin (Epogen) improves cardiac exercise performance in children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 7:276-280, 1993

310. Baraldi E, Montini G, Zanconato S, Zacchello G, Zacchello F: Exercise tolerance after anaemia correction with recombinant human erythropoietin in end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 4:623-626, 1990

311. Bassi S, Montini G, Edefonti A, et al: Cardiovascular function in a chronic peritoneal dialysis pediatric population on recombinant human erythropoietin treatment. Perit Dial Int 13:S267-S269, 1993 (suppl 2)

312. Gerson A, Hwang W, Fiorenza J, et al: Anemia and health-related quality of life in adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 44:1017-1023, 2004

313. Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Broyer M, Businger J, Baldauf C, Stocker H: A study of recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anaemia of chronic renal failure in children on haemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 8:338-342, 1994

314. Kurtin PS, Landgraf JM, Abetz L: Patient-based health status measurements in pediatric dialysis: Expanding the assessment of outcome. Am J Kidney Dis 24:376-382, 1994

315. Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG: Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics 107:1381-1386, 2001

316. Burke JR: Low-dose subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Australian and New Zealand Paediatric Nephrology Association. Pediatr Nephrol 9:558-561, 1995

317. Jabs K: The effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on growth and nutritional status. Pediatr Nephrol 10:324-327, 1996

318. Scigalla P, Bonzel KE, Bulla M, et al: Therapy of renal anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin in children with end-stage renal disease. Contrib Nephrol 76:227-240; discussion 240-221, 1989

319. Brandt JR, Avner ED, Hickman RO, Watkins SL: Safety and efficacy of erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 13:143-147, 1999

320. Burghard R, Gordjani N, Leititis JU: [Treatment of renal anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 137:174-177, 1989

321. Campos A, Garin EH: Therapy of renal anemia in children and adolescents with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). Clin Pediatr (Phila) 31:94-99, 1992

322. Offner G, Hoyer PF, Latta K, Winkler L, Brodehl J, Scigalla P: One year’s experience with recombinant erythropoietin in children undergoing continuous ambulatory or cycling peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 4:498-500, 1990

323. Sinai-Trieman L, Salusky IB, Fine RN: Use of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in children undergoing continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. J Pediatr 114:550-554, 1989

324. Eschbach JW, Adamson JW: Guidelines for recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 14:2-8, 1989

325. North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) 2004 Annual Report. Boston, MA, NAPRTCS Administrative Office, 2004

326. Sieniawska M, Roszkowska-Blaim M: Recombinant human erythropoietin dosage in children undergoing hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 11:628-630, 1997

327. Port RE, Kiepe D, Van Guilder M, Jelliffe RW, Mehls O: Recombinant human erythropoietin for the treatment of renal anaemia in children: no justification for bodyweight-adjusted dosage. Clin Pharmacokinet 43:57-70, 2004

328. Juul SE: Nonerythropoietic roles of erythropoietin in the fetus and neonate. Clin Perinatol 27:527-541, 2000

329. De Palo T, Giordano M, Palumbo F, et al: Clinical experience with darbepoietin alfa (NESP) in children undergoing hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 19:337-340, 2004

330. Lerner G, Kale AS, Warady BA, et al: Pharmacokinetics of darbepoetin alfa in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 17:933-937, 2002

331. Geary DF, Keating LE, Vigneux A, Stephens D, Hebert D, Harvey EA: Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 68:1759-1765, 2005

332. Bald M, Holder M, Leichter HE: Improved therapy of renal anemia after switching to darbepoietin (NESP) in peritoneal dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 9:249A, 2002 (abstr)

333. Scharer K, Klare B, Braun A, Dressel P, Gretz N: Treatment of renal anemia by subcutaneous erythropoietin in children with preterminal chronic renal failure. Acta Paediatr 82:953-958, 1993

334. Yalcinkaya F, Tumer N, Cakar N, Ozkaya N: Low-dose erythropoietin is effective and safe in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 11:350-352, 1997

335. Schroder CH: The management of anemia in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Guidelines by an ad hoc European committee. Pediatr Nephrol 18:805-809, 2003

336. Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Herman J: Erythropoietin treatment in children with renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 13:148-152, 1999

337. Gershanik J, Boecler B, Ensley H, McCloskey S, George W: The gasping syndrome and benzyl alcohol poisoning. N Engl J Med 307:1384-1388, 1982

338. Hiller JL, Benda GI, Rahatzad M, et al: Benzyl alcohol toxicity: impact on mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 77:500-506, 1986

339. Evans JH, Brocklebank JT, Bowmer CJ, Ng PC: Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in children with renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6:709-714, 1991

340. Reddingius RE, Schroder CH, Koster AM, Monnens LA: Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in children treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eur J Pediatr 153:850-854, 1994

341. Seeherunvong W, Rubio L, Abitbol CL, et al: Identification of poor responders to erythropoietin among children undergoing hemodialysis. J Pediatr 138:710-714, 2001

342. Muller-Wiefel DE, Sinn H, Gilli G, Scharer K: Hemolysis and blood loss in children with chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol 8:481-486, 1977

343. Gillespie RS, Wolf FM: Intravenous iron therapy in pediatric hemodialysis patients: A meta-analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 19:662-666, 2004

344. Morgan HE, Gautam M, Geary DF: Maintenance intravenous iron therapy in pediatric hemodialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 16:779-783, 2001

345. Cook JD, Carriaga M, Kahn SG, Schalch W, Skikne BS: Gastric delivery system for iron supplementation. Lancet 335:1136-1139, 1990

346. Goch J, Birgegard G, Danielson BG, Wikstrom B: Iron absorption in patients with chronic uremia on maintenance hemodialysis and in healthy volunteers measured with a simple oral iron load test. Nephron 73:403-406, 1996

347. Ruiz-Jaramillo Mde L, Guizar-Mendoza JM, Gutierrez-Navarro Mde J, Dubey-Ortega LA, Amador-Licona N: Intermittent versus maintenance iron therapy in children on hemodialysis: A randomized study. Pediatr Nephrol 19:77-81, 2004

348. Greenbaum LA, Pan CG, Caley C, Nelson T, Sheth KJ: Intravenous iron dextran and erythropoietin use in pediatric hemodialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 14:908-911, 2000

349. Frankenfield DL, Neu AM, Warady BA, Fivush BA, Johnson CA, Brem AS: Anemia in pediatric hemodialysis patients: Results from the 2001 ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project. Kidney Int 64:1120-1124, 2003

350. Tenbrock K, Muller-Berghaus J, Michalk D, Querfeld U: Intravenous iron treatment of renal anemia in children on hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 13:580-582, 1999

351. Morris KP, Watson S, Reid MM, Hamilton PJ, Coulthard MG: Assessing iron status in children with chronic renal failure on erythropoietin: Which measurements should we use? Pediatr Nephrol 8:51-56, 1994

352. Brugnara C, Zurakowski D, DiCanzio J, Boyd T, Platt O: Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children. JAMA 281:2225-2230, 1999

353. Bothwell TH, Pirzio-Biroli G, Finch CA: Iron absorption. I. Factors influencing absorption. J Lab Clin Med 51:24-36, 1958

354. Yorgin PD, Belson A, Sarwal M, Alexander SR: Sodium ferric gluconate therapy in renal transplant and renal failure patients. Pediatr Nephrol 15:171-175, 2000

355. Danielson BG: Structure, chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous iron agents. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:S93-S98, 2004 (suppl 2)

356. Ahsan N: Intravenous infusion of total dose iron is superior to oral iron in treatment of anemia in peritoneal dialysis patients: A single center comparative study. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:664-668, 1998

357. Anuradha S, Singh NP, Agarwal SK: Total dose infusion iron dextran therapy in predialysis chronic renal failure patients. Ren Fail 24:307-313, 2002

358. Dahdah K, Patrie JT, Bolton WK: Intravenous iron dextran treatment in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 36:775-782, 2000

359. Domrongkitchaiporn S, Jirakranont B, Atamasrikul K, Ungkanont A, Bunyaratvej A: Indices of iron status in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34:29-35, 1999

360. Prakash S, Walele A, Dimkovic N, Bargman J, Vas S, Oreopoulos D: Experience with a large dose (500 mg) of intravenous iron dextran and iron saccharate in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 21:290-295, 2001

361. Folkert VW, Michael B, Agarwal R, et al: Chronic use of sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: safety of higher-dose (> or =250 mg) administration. Am J Kidney Dis 41:651-657, 2003

362. Leijn E, Monnens LA, Cornelissen EA: Intravenous iron supplementation in children on hemodialysis. J Nephrol 17:423-426, 2004

363. Puntarulo S: Iron, oxidative stress and human health. Mol Aspects Med 26:299-312, 2005

364. Erdemoglu AK, Ozbakir S: Serum ferritin levels and early prognosis of stroke. Eur J Neurol 9:633-637, 2002

365. Gulcelik NE, Kayatas M: Importance of serum ferritin levels in patients with renal failure. Nephron 92:230-231, 2002

366. Gloggler A, Bulla M, Furst P: Effect of low dose supplementation of L-carnitine on lipid metabolism in hemodialyzed children. Kidney Int Suppl 27:S256-S258, 1989

367. Gloggler A, Bulla M, Puchstein C, Gulotta F, Furst P: Plasma and muscle carnitine in healthy and hemodialyzed children. Child Nephrol Urol 9:277-282, 1988

368. Zachwieja J, Duran M, Joles JA, et al: Amino acid and carnitine supplementation in haemodialysed children. Pediatr Nephrol 8:739-743, 1994

369. Murakami R, Momota T, Yoshiya K, et al: Serum carnitine and nutritional status in children treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 11:371-374, 1990

370. Warady BA, Borum P, Stall C, Millspaugh J, Taggart E, Lum G: Carnitine status of pediatric patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol 10:109-114, 1990

371. Berard E, Iordache A: Effect of low doses of L-carnitine on the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in hemodialyzed children: About two cases. Nephron 62:368-369, 1992

372. Lilien MR, Duran M, Quak JM, Frankhuisen JJ, Schroder CH: Oral L-carnitine does not decrease erythropoietin requirement in pediatric dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 15:17-20, 2000

373. Goodman AM, Pollack MM, Patel KM, Luban NL: Pediatric red blood cell transfusions increase resource use. J Pediatr 142:123-127, 2003

374. Hume HA, Limoges P: Perioperative blood transfusion therapy in pediatric patients. Am J Ther 9:396-405, 2002

375. Niaudet P, Dudley J, Charbit M, Gagnadoux MF, Macleay K, Broyer M: Pretransplant blood transfusions with cyclosporine in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 14:451-456, 2000

376. Gill JS, Tonelli M, Mix CH, Pereira BJ: The change in allograft function among long-term kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:1636-1642, 2003

377. Gill JS, Mix CH, Pereira BJ: Glomerular filtration rate and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease among transplant recipients in the United States. Am J Transplant 2:358A, 2002 (abstr)

377A. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al: Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 67:2089-2100, 2005

378. Besarab A, Caro J, Jarrell BE, Francos G, Erslev AJ: Dynamics of erythropoiesis following renal transplantation. Kidney Int 32:526-536, 1987

379. Beshara S, Birgegard G, Goch J, Wahlberg J, Wikstrom B, Danielson BG: Assessment of erythropoiesis following renal transplantation. Eur J Haematol 58:167-173, 1997

380. Brown JH, Lappin TR, Elder GE, Taylor TN, Bridges JM, McGeown MG: The initiation of erythropoiesis following renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 4:1076-1079, 1989

381. Moore LW, Smith SO, Winsett RP, Acchiardo SR, Gaber AO: Factors affecting erythropoietin production and correction of anemia in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 8:358-364, 1994

382. Sun CH, Ward HJ, Paul WL, Koyle MA, Yanagawa N, Lee DB: Serum erythropoietin levels after renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 321:151-157, 1989

383. Tornero F, Prats D, Alvarez-Sala JL, Coronel F, Sanchez A, Barrientos A: Iron deficiency anemia after successful renal transplantation. J Urol 149:1398-1400, 1993

384. Goch J, Birgegard G, Wikstrom B, Tufveson G, Danielson BG: Serum erythropoietin levels in the immediate kidney-posttransplant period. Nephron 60:30-34, 1992

385. Wolff M, Jelkmann W: Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin levels in renal transplant recipients. Klin Wochenschr 69:53-58, 1991

386. Nampoory MR, Johny KV, al-Hilali N, Seshadri MS, Kanagasabhapathy AS: Erythropoietin deficiency and relative resistance cause anaemia in post-renal transplant recipients with normal renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:177-181, 1996

387. Van Loo A, Vanholder R, Bernaert P, De Roose J, Lameire N: Recombinant human erythropoietin corrects anaemia during the first weeks after renal transplantation: A randomized prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1815-1821, 1996

388. Arbeiter K, Greenbaum L, Balzar E, et al: Reproducible erythroid aplasia caused by mycophenolate mofetil. Pediatr Nephrol 14:195-197, 2000

389. Kessler M: Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis in renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10:S114-S116, 1995 (suppl 6)

390. Eckardt KU, Frei U, Kliem V, Bauer C, Koch KM, Kurtz A: Role of excretory graft function for erythropoietin formation after renal transplantation. Eur J Clin Invest 20:563-572, 1990

391. Lee DB: Interrelationship between erythropoietin and erythropoiesis: Insights from renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 18:54-56, 1991

392. Muirhead N: Erythropoietin and renal transplantation. Kidney Int Suppl 69:S86-S92, 1999

393. Yorgin PD, Scandling JD, Belson A, Sanchez J, Alexander SR, Andreoni KA: Late post-transplant anemia in adult renal transplant recipients. An under-recognized problem? Am J Transplant 2:429-435, 2002

394. Yorgin PD, Belson A, Sanchez J, et al: Unexpectedly high prevalence of posttransplant anemia in pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:1306-1318, 2002

395. Vanrenterghem Y, Ponticelli C, Morales JM, et al: Prevalence and management of anemia in renal transplant recipients: A European survey. Am J Transplant 3:835-845, 2003

395A. Gill JS, Solid C, Pereira BJG, Collins AJ: Anemia management prior to kidney transplantation and the risk of post-transplant blood transfusion. Am J Transplant 4:S484, 2004 (suppl 8) (abstr 1191)

396. Saito S, Fujiwara T, Sakagami K, Matsuno T, Tanaka N: Anemia following renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 30:3025-3026, 1998

397. Saito S, Fujiwara T, Sakagami K, Matsuno T, Tanaka N: Anemia following renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 30:3025-3026., 1998

398. Mix TC, Kazmi W, Khan S, et al: Anemia: A continuing problem following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 3:1426-1433, 2003

399. Lorenz M, Kletzmayr J, Perschl A, Furrer A, Horl WH, Sunder-Plassmann G: Anemia and iron deficiencies among long-term renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:794-797, 2002

400. Winkelmayer WC, Kewalramani R, Rutstein M, Gabardi S, Vonvisger T, Chandraker A: Pharmacoepidemiology of anemia in kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1347-1352, 2004

401. Shibagaki Y, Shetty A: Anaemia is common after kidney transplantation, especially among African Americans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2368-2373, 2004

402. Kausman JY, Powell HR, Jones CL: Anemia in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 19:526-530, 2004

403. Karthikeyan V, Karpinski J, Nair RC, Knoll G: The burden of chronic kidney disease in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 4:262-269, 2004

404. Miles AM, Markell MS, Daskalakis P, et al: Anemia following renal transplantation: Erythropoietin response and iron deficiency. Clin Transplant 11:313-315, 1997

405. Teruel JL, Lamas S, Vila T, et al: Serum ferritin levels after renal transplantation: A prospective study. Nephron 51:462-465, 1989

406. Moulin B, Ollier J, George F, et al: Serum erythropoietin and reticulocyte maturity index after renal transplantation: A prospective longitudinal study. Nephron 69:259-266, 1995

407. Chua MS, Barry C, Chen X, Salvatierra O, Sarwal MM: Molecular profiling of anemia in acute renal allograft rejection using DNA microarrays. Am J Transplant 3:17-22, 2003

408. Creemers GJ, van Boven WP, Lowenberg B, van der Heul C: Azathioprine-associated pure red cell aplasia. J Intern Med 233:85-87, 1993

409. Pruijt JF, Haanen JB, Hollander AA, den Ottolander GJ: Azathioprine-induced pure red-cell aplasia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1371-1373, 1996

410. Abraham KA, Little MA, Dorman AM, Walshe JJ: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in association with both cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Transpl Int 13:443-447, 2000

411. Epstein M, Landsberg D: Cyclosporine-induced thrombotic microangiopathy resulting in renal allograft loss and its successful reuse: A report of two cases. Am J Kidney Dis 17:346-348, 1991

412. Pham PT, Peng A, Wilkinson AH, et al: Cyclosporine and tacrolimus-associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 36:844-850, 2000

413. Trimarchi HM, Truong LD, Brennan S, Gonzalez JM, Suki WN: FK506-associated thrombotic microangiopathy: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Transplantation 67:539-544, 1999

414. Zarifian A, Meleg-Smith S, O’Donovan R, Tesi RJ, Batuman V: Cyclosporine-associated thrombotic microangiopathy in renal allografts. Kidney Int 55:2457-2466, 1999

415. Dussol B, Brunet P, Vacher-Coponat H, Saingra Y, Casanova P, Berland Y: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome in a renal transplant recipient during OKT3 therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:1191-1193, 1994

416. Morris-Stiff G, Evans M, Baboolal K, et al: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with OKT3. Transpl Int 9:522-523, 1996

417. MacDonald AS: A worldwide, phase III, randomized, controlled, safety and efficacy study of a sirolimus/cyclosporine regimen for prevention of acute rejection in recipients of primary mismatched renal allografts. Transplantation 71:271-280, 2001

418. Kahan BD, Knight R, Schoenberg L, et al: Ten years of sirolimus therapy for human renal transplantation: The University of Texas at Houston experience. Transplant Proc 35:S25-S34, 2003 (suppl 3)

419. Augustine JJ, Knauss TC, Schulak JA, Bodziak KA, Siegel C, Hricik DE: Comparative effects of sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil on erythropoiesis in kidney transplant patients. Am J Transplant 4:2001-2006, 2004

420. Crew RJ, Radhakrishnan J, Cohen DJ, et al: De novo thrombotic microangiopathy following treatment with sirolimus: Report of two cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:203-209, 2005

421. Naito M, Kawashima A, Akiba T, Takanashi M, Nihei H: Effects of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on burst forming units-erythroid in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 23:287-293, 2003

422. Le Meur Y, Lorgeot V, Comte L, et al: Plasma levels and metabolism of AcSDKP in patients with chronic renal failure: Relationship with erythropoietin requirements. Am J Kidney Dis 38:510-517, 2001

423. So BJ, Chae KM, Lee KK, Lee YJ, Jeong BH: Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 infection in a renal transplant patient: A case report. Transplant Proc 32:1954-1956, 2000

424. Vales-Albertos LJ, Garcia-Cardenas M, Chavez-Becerra S, Gomez-Navarro B, Monteon-Ramos F, Cueto-Manzano AM: Pure red cell aplasia associated with parvovirus B19 infection in renal transplantation: The first case report in Mexico. Transplantation 79:739, 2005 (abstr)

425. Karras A, Thervet E, Legendre C: Hemophagocytic syndrome in renal transplant recipients: Report of 17 cases and review of literature. Transplantation 77:238-243, 2004

426. Artz MA, Steenbergen EJ, Hoitsma AJ, Monnens LA, Wetzels JF: Renal transplantation in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome: High rate of recurrence and increased incidence of acute rejections. Transplantation 76:821-826, 2003

427. Asaka M, Ishikawa I, Nakazawa T, Tomosugi N, Yuri T, Suzuki K: Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with influenza A virus infection in an adult renal allograft recipient: Case report and review of the literature. Nephron 84:258-266, 2000

428. Waiser J, Budde K, Rudolph B, Ortner MA, Neumayer HH: De novo hemolytic uremic syndrome postrenal transplant after cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Kidney Dis 34:556-559, 1999

429. Laurence J, Mitra D, Steiner M, Staiano-Coico L, Jaffe E: Plasma from patients with idiopathic and human immunodeficiency virus-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura induces apoptosis in microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 87:3245-3254, 1996

430. Anagnostou A, Lee ES, Kessimian N, Levinson R, Steiner M: Erythropoietin has a mitogenic and positive chemotactic effect on endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:5978-5982, 1990

431. Anagnostou A, Liu Z, Steiner M, et al: Erythropoietin receptor mRNA expression in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:3974-3978, 1994

432. Carlini RG, Alonzo EJ, Dominguez J, et al: Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on endothelial cell apoptosis. Kidney Int 55:546-553, 1999

433. Debska-Slizien A, Chamienia A, Krol E, et al: Hemolytic anemia after renal transplantation: Analysis of case reports. Transplant Proc 35:2233-2237, 2003

434. Li FK, Chan TM, Lai KN: Alloimmune hemolysis after renal transplantation. Am J Nephrol 20:473-475, 2000

435. Peces R, Diaz Corte C, Navascues RA: [Hemolytic anemia caused by graft-versus-host reaction in ABO-nonidentical renal transplants from blood group O donors]. Nefrologia 21:395-401, 2001

436. Djamali A, Becker YT, Simmons WD, Johnson CA, Premasathian N, Becker BN: Increasing hematocrit reduces early posttransplant cardiovascular risk in diabetic transplant recipients. Transplantation 76:816-820, 2003

437. Rigatto C, Parfrey P, Foley R, Negrijn C, Tribula C, Jeffery J: Congestive heart failure in renal transplant recipients: Risk factors, outcomes, and relationship with ischemic heart disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1084-1090, 2002

438. Rigatto C, Foley R, Jeffery J, Negrijn C, Tribula C, Parfrey P: Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in renal transplant recipients: Prognostic value and impact of blood pressure and anemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:462-468, 2003

439. Winkelmayer WC, Lorenz M, Kramar R, Horl WH, Sunder-Plassmann G: Percentage of hypochromic red blood cells is an independent risk factor for mortality in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 4:2075-2081, 2004

440. Khan S, Tighiouart H, Kalra A, Raman G, Rohrer RJ, Pereira BJ: Resource utilization among kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int 64:657-664, 2003

441. Schmidt R, Kupin W, Dumler F, Venkat KK, Mozes M: Influence of the pretransplant hematocrit level on early graft function in primary cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation 55:1034-1040, 1993

442. Vasquez EM, Pollak R: Effect of pretransplant erythropoietin therapy on renal allograft outcome. Transplantation 62:1026-1028, 1996

443. Paganini EP, Braun WE, Latham D, Abdulhadi MH: Renal transplantation: results in hemodialysis patients previously treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. ASAIO Trans 35:535-538, 1989

444. Van Biesen W, Vanholder R, Veys N, Verbeke F, Lameire N: Efficacy of erythropoietin administration in the treatment of anemia immediately after renal transplantation. Transplantation 79:367-368, 2005

444A. Nagarajan S, Vidhun J, Mansfield E, et al: Molecular mechanisms of transplant renal artery stenosis from early use of erythropoietin. Am J Transplant 4:S568-S569, 2004 (suppl 8)

445. Bagnis C, Beaufils H, Jacquiaud C, et al: Erythropoietin enhances recovery after cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:932-938, 2001

446. Cerami A, Brines M, Ghezzi P, Cerami C, Itri LM: Neuroprotective properties of epoetin alfa. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:S8-S12, 2002 (suppl 1)

447. Fishbane S, Ragolia L, Palaia T, Johnson B, Elzein H, Maesaka JK: Cytoprotection by darbepoetin/epoetin alfa in pig tubular and mouse mesangial cells. Kidney Int 65:452-458, 2004

448. Grimm C, Wenzel A, Groszer M, et al: HIF-1-induced erythropoietin in the hypoxic retina protects against light-induced retinal degeneration. Nat Med 8:718-724, 2002

449. Parsa CJ, Matsumoto A, Kim J, et al: A novel protective effect of erythropoietin in the infarcted heart. J Clin Invest 112:999-1007, 2003

450. Westenfelder C: Unexpected renal actions of erythropoietin. Exp Nephrol 10:294-298, 2002

451. Yang CW, Li C, Jung JY, et al: Preconditioning with erythropoietin protects against subsequent ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidney. FASEB J 17:1754-1755, 2003

452. Jindal KK, Hirsch DJ, Belitsky P, Whalen MA: Low-dose subcutaneous erythropoietin corrects the anaemia of renal transplant failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 7:143-146, 1992

453. Muirhead N, Cattran DC, Zaltzman J, et al: Safety and efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in correcting the anemia of patients with chronic renal allograft dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1216-1222, 1994

454. Traindl O, Barnas U, Franz M, et al: Recombinant human erythropoietin in renal transplant recipients with renal anemia. Clin Transplant 8:45-48, 1994

455. Yoshimura N, Oka T, Ohmori Y, Aikawa I: Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the anemia of renal transplant recipients with chronic rejection. Transplantation 48:527-529, 1989

456. Becker BN, Becker YT, Leverson GE, Heisey DM: Erythropoietin therapy may retard progression in chronic renal transplant dysfunction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1667-1673, 2002

457. Lezaic V, Djukanovic L, Pavlovic-Kentera V: Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment of anemia in renal transplant patients. Ren Fail 17:705-714, 1995

458. Page B, Zingraff J: Resistance to rHuEpo and kidney graft rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:1696-1697, 1994

459. Gill JS, Abichandani R, Khan S, Kausz AT, Pereira BJ: Opportunities to improve the care of patients with kidney transplant failure. Kidney Int 61:2193-2200, 2002

460. Lopez-Gomez JM, Perez-Flores I, Jofre R, et al: Presence of a failed kidney transplant in patients who are on hemodialysis is associated with chronic inflammatory state and erythropoietin resistance. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2494-2501, 2004

461. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al: Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 328:1490-1494, 2004