NKF KDOQI GUIDELINES

KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: 2007 Update of Hemoglobin Target


REFERENCES

1. Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al: Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 355:2071-2084, 2006

2. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al: Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 355:2085-2098, 2006

3. Rossert J, Levin A, Roger SD, et al: Effect of early correction of anemia on the progression of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 47:738-750, 2006

4.Macdougall IC, Temple RM, Kwan JT: Is early treatment of anaemia with epoetin-{alpha} beneficial to predialysis chronic kidney disease patients? Results of a multicentre, open-label, prospective, randomized, comparative group trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:784-793, 2007

5. Ritz E, Laville M, Bilous RW, et al: Target level for hemoglobin correction in patients with diabetes and CKD: Primary results of the Anemia Correction in Diabetes (ACORD) Study.Am J Kidney Dis 49:194-207, 2007

6. Gouva C, Nikolopoulos P, Ioannidis JP, Siamopoulos KC: Treating anemia early in renal failure patients slows the decline of renal function: A randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int 66:753-760, 2004

7. Epogen (Epoetin alfa) for injection: Prescribing information. Silver Spring, MD, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), March 2007

8. Procrit (Epoetin alfa) for injection: Prescribing information. Silver Spring, MD, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), March 2007

9. Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) for injection: Prescribing information. Silver Spring, MD, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), March 2007

10. World Health Organization: WHOQOL: Measuring Quality of Life. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Instruments. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO/MSA/MNH/ PSF/97.4, 1997

11. Hahn EA, Cella D, Chassany O, et al: A comparison of the precision of health-related quality of life data relative to other clinical measures. Mayo Clin Proc (in press)

12. Furuland H, Linde T, Ahlmen J, et al: A randomized controlled trial of haemoglobin normalization with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:353-361, 2003

13. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Morgan J, et al: Effect of hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy. Kidney Int 58:1325-1335, 2000

14. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al: The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 339:584-590, 1998

15. Parfrey PS, Foley RN, Wittreich BH, et al: Doubleblind comparison of full and partial anemia correction in incident hemodialysis patients without symptomatic heart disease. JAm Soc Nephrol 16:2180-2189, 2005

16. Pisoni RL, Bragg-Gresham JL, Young EW, et al: Anemia management and outcomes from 12 countries in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 44:94-111, 2004

17.Ofsthun N, Labrecque J, Lacson E, Keen M, Lazarus JM: The effects of higher hemoglobin levels on mortality and hospitalization in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 63:1908-1914, 2003

18. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Duncan J, Rosenbaum D,Werb R: Haemoglobin at time of referral, prior to dialysis predicts survival: An association of haemoglobin with long-term outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:370-377, 2006

19. Regidor DL, Kopple JD, Kovesdy CP, et al: Associations between changes in hemoglobin and administered erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and survival in hemodialysis patients. JAm Soc Nephrol 17:1181-1191, 2006

20. Roberts TL, Foley RN, Weinhandl ED, Gilbertson DT, Collins AJ: Anaemia and mortality in haemodialysis patients: Interaction of propensity score for predicted anaemia and actual haemoglobin levels. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1652-1662, 2006

21. Lacson E, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM: Effect of variability in anemia management on hemoglobin outcomes in ESRD.Am J Kidney Dis 41:111-124, 2003

22. Ofsthun NJ, Lazarus JM: Impact of the change in CMS billing rules for erythropoietin on hemoglobin outcomes in dialysis patients. Blood Purif 25:31-35, 2007

23. Fishbane S, Berns JS: Hemoglobin cycling in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 68:1337-1343, 2005

24. Berns JS, Elzein H, Lynn RI, et al: Hemoglobin variability in epoetin-treated hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 64:1514-1521, 2003

25. Greenwood RN, Ronco C, Gastaldon F, et al: Erythropoietin dose variation in different facilities in different countries and its relationship to drug resistance. Kidney Int Suppl S78-S86, 2003 (Suppl 87)

26. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Thompson C, et al: Canadian randomized trial of hemoglobin maintenance to prevent or delay left ventricular mass growth in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 46:799-811, 2005

27. Roger SD, McMahon LP, Clarkson A, et al: Effects of early and late intervention with epoetin alpha on left ventricular mass among patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 3 or 4): Results of a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:148-156, 2004

28. Phrommintikul A, Haas SJ, Elsik M, Krum H: Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: Ameta-analysis. Lancet 369:381-388, 2007

29. Kuriyama S, Tomonari H, Yoshida H, et al: Reversal of anemia by erythropoietin therapy retards the progression of chronic renal failure, especially in nondiabetic patients. Nephron 77:176-185, 1997

30. Roth D, Smith RD, Schulman G, et al: Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on renal function in chronic renal failure predialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 24:777-784, 1994

31. Richardson D, Bartlett C, Will EJ: Optimizing erythropoietin therapy in hemodialysis patients.Am J Kidney Dis 38:109-117, 2001

32. Tolman C, Richardson D, Bartlett C, Will E: Structured conversion from thrice weekly to weekly erythropoietic regimens using a computerized decision-support system: A randomized clinical study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1463-1470, 2005

33. Locatelli F, Olivares J,Walker R, et al: Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for treatment of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 60:741-747, 2001

34.Nissenson AR, Swan SK, Lindberg JS, et al: Randomized, controlled trial of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:110- 118, 2002

35. Abraham PA, Opsahl JA, Rachael KM, et al: Renal function during erythropoietin therapy for anemia in predialysis chronic renal failure patients. Am J Nephrol 10:128- 136, 1990

36. Abraham PA,Macres MG: Blood pressure in hemodialysis patients during amelioration of anemia with erythropoietin. JAm Soc Nephrol 2:927-936, 1991

37. Bahlmann J, Schoter KH, Scigalla P, et al: Morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients with and without erythropoietin treatment: A controlled study. Contrib Nephrol 88:90-106, 1991

38. Berns JS, Rudnick MR, Cohen RM, et al: Effects of normal hematocrit on ambulatory blood pressure in epoetin treated hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease. Kidney Int 56:253-260, 1999

39. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group: Association between recombinant human erythropoietin and quality of life and exercise capacity of patients receiving haemodialysis. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group. BMJ 300:573-578, 1990

40.Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group: Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group.Am J Nephrol 11:23-26, 1991

41. Clyne N, Jogestrand T: Effect of erythropoietin treatment on physical exercise capacity and on renal function in predialytic uremic patients. Nephron 60:390-396, 1992

42. Furuland H, Linde T, Wikstrom B, et al: Reduced hemodialysis adequacy after hemoglobin normalization with epoetin. J Nephrol 18:80-85, 2005

43. Kleinman KS, Schweitzer SU, Perdue ST, et al: The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in the correction of anemia in predialysis patients and its effect on renal function: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 14:486-495, 1989

44.Laupacis A: Changes in quality of life and functional capacity in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. The Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group. Semin Nephrol 10:S11-S19, 1990 (suppl 1)

45. Lim VS, DeGowin RL, Zavala D, et al: Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in pre-dialysis patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 110: 108-114, 1989

46. McMahon LP, McKenna MJ, Sangkabutra T, et al: Physical performance and associated electrolyte changes after haemoglobin normalization: A comparative study in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1182- 1187, 1999

47.McMahon LP, Mason K, Skinner SL, et al: Effects of haemoglobin normalization on quality of life and cardiovascular parameters in end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1425-1430, 2000

48. Morris KP, Sharp J, Watson S, et al: Non-cardiac benefits of human recombinant erythropoietin in end stage renal failure and anaemia. Arch Dis Child 69:580-586, 1993

49. Nissenson AR, Korbet S, Faber M, et al: Multicenter trial of erythropoietin in patients on peritoneal dialysis. JAm Soc Nephrol 5:1517-1529, 1995

50. Revicki DA, Brown RE, Feeny DH, et al: Healthrelated quality of life associated with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy for predialysis chronic renal disease patients.Am J Kidney Dis 25:548-554, 1995

51. Sikole A, Polenakovic M, Spirovska V, et al: Analysis of heart morphology and function following erythropoietin treatment of anemic dialysis patients. Artif Organs 17:977- 984, 1993

52.Suzuki M, Hirasawa Y, Hirashima K, et al: Dosefinding, double-blind, clinical trial of recombinant human erythropoietin (Chugai) in Japanese patients with end-stage renal disease. Research Group for Clinical Assessment of rhEPO. Contrib Nephrol 76:179-192; discussion, 212-218,1989

53. Watson AJ, Gimenez LF, Cotton S, et al: Treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure with subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin.Am J Med 89:432-435, 1990

54. Moher D, Tsertsvadze A: Systematic reviews: When is an update an update? Lancet 367:881-883, 2006

55. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Holbrook A, McAlister FA: Users’ guides to the medical literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. A. How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 282:771-778, 1999

56. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 47:S1-S145, 2006 (suppl 3)

57. Uhlig K, Macleod A, Craig J, et al: Grading evidence and recommendations for clinical practice guidelines in nephrology. A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 70:2058- 2065, 2006

58. Conlon PJ. Kovalik E, Schumm D, Minda S, Schwab SJ: Normalization of hematocrit in hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease does not increased blood pressure. Ren Fail 22:432-444, 2000

59. Coyne DW, Kapoian T, Suki W, et al: DRIVE Study Group. Ferric gluconate is highly efficacious in anemic hemodialysis patients with high serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation: Results of the Dialysis Patients’ Response to IV Iron with Elevated Ferritin (DRIVE) Study. JAm Soc Nephrol 18:975-984, 2007

60. GRADE Working Group: Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 328:1490-1494, 2004

61.Kunz K, Farquhar C: Grading and the GRADE instrument. Second Guidelines International Network Conference: Evidence in Action, Wellington, NZ, November, 2004